ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS TO COURSE WORK ENVIRNOMENTAL SCIENCE Coursework

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS TO COURSE WORK ENVIRNOMENTAL SCIENCE - Coursework Example An example is the melting if the sea ice in the Arctic and glaciers as a result of global warming. Atom is delineated as a building block of any matter. It joins together the molecules which forms most of the objects around us. They are composed of protons, electrons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are at the centre of the atoms called nucleus while the electrons orbit the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge; electrons have a negative charge while the neutrons don’t have any charge. Isotopes refer to the atoms with different numbers of neutrons. They are mainly denoted by different elementary symbols that are preceded by the mass number or the numbers of neutrons and protons in the atoms. For instance 2H (deuterium) is an isotope of the element hydrogen with a single neutron within the nucleus as opposed to the common 1H. Ions are atoms with extra electrons or missing electrons. When there is one or two electrons missing, there will be a positive charge while when there is an extra electron there will be a negative charge. (Wright, & Broose, 2011) The movement of electrons happens in the single covalent bonds. Two atoms of hydrogen for instance share their electrons when they bind together in order to form the hydrogen gas. An example is the formation of human blood, the ocean water and various metal alloys. (Wright, & Broose, 2011) Proteins- Made up of long chains of different organic molecules referred to as amino acids. The organisms combine up to 20 different amino acids into long chains. Proteins forms the largest part of organisms matter and perform different functions of the living changes. Animals for instance use proteins in the generation of hair, skin, tendons and muscles. Some proteins helps in storage energy, others facilitate transportation of substance, defends the organism against foreign attackers while others act as hormone, serve as enzymes. Nucleic acids – It facilitates directing of production of proteins. The

Steven Spielberg movie review Essay Example for Free

Steven Spielberg movie review Essay Spielbergs latest epic, Saving Private Ryan, has shocked audiences around the world with his brutally realistic, down-to-earth World War II invasion of Omaha beach. The film opens with the landing boats full of petrified, white-faced, conscripted soldiers, who struggle to cope with the pure terror imposed upon them from the enormity of the task they face. No sooner do you see a close up of their trembling faces and each persons emotions and worries, the doors opened and the first wave of men were torn to shreds by German machine gun fire. Many men drowned as they were dragged under by their heavy equipment, and those who made it to the shore found themselves seriously outnumbered and out gunned. Specially-designed, frantic freehand camera-work creates the impression you are in the middle of the carnage, so Spielberg puts the audience on the beach with the Allies. Eventually the soldiers complete the takeover of the beach but as the scene draws to a close, the former hand-held camera is now far more panoramic, scanning the beach from a height, but regardless of the thousands of bodies strewn across it, you do not see one face showing war de-humanising all the real people involved in it, who have families back home, but also turning those real people into just numbers and cannon fodder. The scene ends with a close-up of a dead soldiers pack which contains the words Pvt S. Ryan and the scene cuts. Throughout the entire scene there was a tremendous amount of clever sounds and moving music. For instance, in the panoramic opening scene the music is rather dark and solemn, with a lot of low strings and brass, especially horns. This sets the tone for the scene to unfold. In the first scene there is no music to emphasise actually being there, however there are numerous non-diegetic sounds added such as the underwater bullets piercing the struggling soldiers, the way when Captain Miller gets confused and deaf that the sound is blurred and returns to normal when he comes round but there is also diegetic sound when the explosions are going off as the film crew used hundreds of set explosions in the scene, the lapping of the waves and the monologue were all diegetic sounds. The next scene is a wonderfully made piece that is truly emotional and is a silent one. There is a woman in a crowded office with light shining through, a complete contrast to the dark, de-saturated war scene a moment before. The lady sees three telegrams from the same family and takes it to the senior staff. It is reassuring to see how these men-in-power have some humanity left, taking the case higher and higher until it found the commander-in-chief played by the talented Bryan Cranston who decides that the remaining sibling should be pulled out and sent back to the grieving mother. The point where the mother received the news was fantastically portrayed by Spielberg. It is set in the countryside with a traditional American home surrounded by golden fields yet in the corner of the sky it is dark grey and symbolises the bad news on its way. The car crawls up the small, winding, country lane viewed panoramically from in front of and behind the house. There was one shot that was astoundingly emotional, where Spielberg captured a close-up of the mothers reaction while showing the car and effectively the news creeping closer, through using the reflection of the window. As she rushes to the door she is cleverly silhouetted out showing that it could be anyone receiving the news and that vast amounts of parents go through this. Also as part of the mise en scene, when she opens the door, she is blacked out and the car pulls up along the house then the officials climb out, the woman falls to her knees. However, throughout this whole dark shot, to the right is a coffee table with light streaming on to it, there is a photo of the four boys in their army uniform showing that they all went but also expanding the plot as you know that there were only three telegrams. All over the table there are flags and patriotic items, this tries to show that the people are behind the war, and that it is the ordinary people who have to stand up to the tyrant. Finally, Spielberg covers many aspects of war in his brilliant production and uses vast amounts of extremely intelligent shots and clever, emotional to portray the emotions and effects that the de-humanising war had on normal people such as Miller, the small town English teacher at home and on the front. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

The Laughing Fools :: Personal Narrative Emotions Feelings Essays

The Laughing Fools I just started my new job working as a bartender in this local jazz club. Not knowing a person in the place, I thought that I would ease-drop on a conversation that these two men were engaged in, just so I could get to know the costumers better. The conversation was being lead by Lee and the other man, Mike, was prompting him to go on with the story. The story was about an incident that Lee had when he was a small boy with a paper route and his dog was killed. It was a sad story, I thought , but the men just laughed. The reason they laughed I have never figured out, now I am trying to understand the two men. Working at the jazz joint , I see some rather strange things. Mike and Lee come in about once a week. I have listened to Lee and Mike have other discussions, although ease-dropping is not an easy task to do when working. The last time I listened in on uninvited was a conversation on Lee's mother. Lee talked how his mother did everything for him, she would cook his diner, do his laundry, clean his house and buy his groceries. She did all this for him, when he was moved out of her house and supposedly "on his own." Lee did not like his mother doing all this for him, but he never told her that he didn' t want her to keep doing the domestics around his house. She kept on doing things like that for her son, thinking that she was helping out. Eventually, Lee came to resent his mother for all that she did for him and as time passed he expected more from her. He did not tell her that she was interrupting his life. Lee's mother became ill. She had a long, painful battle with a disease, I am n ot sure which one, for I was only ease-dropping. As time passed she became worse. Lee's mother could not do all the things that she had done before, this was not good for Lee, for he had become dependent on one person and he disliked her for that. Finally she died. At the end of the story the two men were again laughing. This really bothered me. I was trying of something to say because it was just like the story with the dog, it had a sad ending with the same reaction of both Lee and Mike, they laughed.

Congestion Charging Essay

Resolving London’s transport problems was the highest priority of the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone. His goal was to create a world-class transport system that would improve business efficiency, supports greater economic prosperity and improves the quality of life for every one living in London or visiting London. The Mayor’s transport strategy, which was published on 10 July 2001, it had ten key priorities: * Reducing traffic congestion; * Rising money for underground investment; * Rising money for radical improvements to bus services across London; * Better integration of the National Rail system with London’s other transport systems; * Increasing the capacity of London’s transport system; * Improving journey time reliability for car users; * Supporting local transport initiatives; * Making the distribution of goods and services in London more reliable and efficient; * Improving the accessibility of London’s transport system; * Bringing forward new integration initiatives. What is Congestion Charges? * Congestion charging is a way of ensuring that those using valuable and crowded road space make a financial contribution. * It encourages the use of other modes of transport and is also intended to ensure that, for those who have to use the roads, journey times are quicker and more reliable. * This scheme requires drivers to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 per day if they wish to continue driving in central London. Tube station Wide line – zone ring road Jam Cam – see what the traffic is like Charging zone area Parking Train station River services This map shows all the areas that are affected by congestion charges. By looking at the map you can see all of central London zone 1 and zone 2 has being affected, so anyone living within that area would have to pay the congestion charge to travel to their local area or outside the congestion zones. Advantage and disadvantage of congestion charging Advantage * Reduce congestion * Reduce through traffic * Further encourage use of public transport in central London * Benefit business efficiency by speeding up the movement of goods and people * Create a better environment for walking and cycling Disadvantage o Traffic may increase on orbital routes by up to 5% o Traffic would be reduced on radial routes by 5 – 10% o Overall reduction in traffic by 1 – 2% o London scheme could simply make traffic worse elsewhere o Will hit disadvantaged hardest o The scheme had no pilot scheme to test the effectiveness of congestion charges o It will take months to establish whether it is a success Conclusion Congetion charges has it adavantages and disavantages an asthmatic would would totally spport congestion charges, as pollution caused by cars is a factor of asthame. It is also a class question. Those who can afford to have moved, those who can’t have to stay and choke. If congestion charges give them and thier families a chance to breathe then I would fully support it. However, they need to be part of a plan aimed at enhancing the environment and improving the quality of life. This could include cheaper public transport and improvements in its quality, safety and reliability; more nurseries and play schools nearer to where people live, more on-line shopping, local markets and food co-ops, reduced hours with no loss of pay; repopulating city centres and the countryside, more home working and home schooling; a guaranteed income to give parents the option of being full time carers; offering those willing to give up their car free bikes or public transport. But there is also an agrument about Who is prepared to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 a day, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 a week, or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,500 a year for congestion charging and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,000 for workplace parking–which is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,000 of taxed income–for the privilege of bringing their car into London? It is the riche man ie stockborker, banker, law ect who wants to come in from Surbiton to the City of London. Their would not mind the charges. thier puts them down to they companies and it pays the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,000 or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 a year. â€Å"Who cares anyway†? He will just say, â€Å"That’s great, thank you very much.† I believe It is a fat cats charter. What about people on a low wage, old people, young mothers who are dependent on their motor car not only in London but throughout the nation? To those people, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,000 or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 a year is a lot. What I want to know is this. What consultations has the Labour party had with groups of disabled people? What consultations has it had with the unions in regard to low wage earners? What consultations has it had with old people–people who need their motor cars, and who will be taxed off the road if the charges are to work? If the Government say that is not their intention, and that such people will not be taxed off the road, I put it to them that there is no chance that their congestion charge will work. It is certain that the fat cats will not be taxed off the road. If the Government find a way of allowing housewives, young mothers, disabled people or members of the other categories to stay on the road, the amount of congestion will not be reduced, and all that we shall have is a revenue raiser for the mayor.

Learner Record- School Age Childcare Essay

School-Age Childcare Thematic Working Group (SACTWG) defines School Age Childcare (SAC) as: â€Å"School-Age Childcare / Out-of-school services refer to a range of organized age-appropriate structured programs, clubs and activities for school-age children and young people (4-18) which takes place within supervised environments during the times that they are not in school†. â€Å"School age childcare services are by definition about the care of children when their parents are absent. Caring mean taking responsibility for children’s physical, emotional and developmental well-being. School age childcare services play an important role in the lives of the children who use them. It is essential that they meet children’s needs during the time they are used. This entails providing a setting where children feel they belong and where staff relate to them on an individual level as well as collectively.† These settings include: center-based, school-based, and other formal before- and after-school arrangements for children, as well as summer programming. Elements of School Age Childcare Setting: School age programs have the potential to play a positive and proactive role in developing social, personal and interpersonal skills. The out-of-school setting can nurture academic success, offer opportunities for physical activity, develop creative artistic expression and a wide range of associated skills in a happy and caring environment. The key elements which contribute to the delivery of a quality school age childcare service. These include; The activity program The importance of play The physical environment The regulation of school age childcare Training for the sector Relationships between providers of school age childcare, the client children, their parents and on occasion the schools. Children like to feel they belong. As they grow to understand themselves both as individuals and in relation to others, they look for signs of acceptance and acknowledgement from their peers and the adults around them. Children need to experience a  sense of belonging, and to be aware that their own actions can promote either a sense of belonging or exclusion for others. The school age setting offers endless opportunities to nurture a sense of self-acceptance and belonging for the child. Characteristics of children attending the services: Enjoy playing games. Like to make and keep friends. Enjoys learning new things. Great intellectual curiosity, wanting to know everything about everything — objects, ideas, situations, or events. Learn quickly and with less practice and repetition. Concerned about fairness and injustice — very aware of rights and wrongs. Read rapidly and widely, after learning to read. Absorb information rapidly – often described as being like sponges. Can use materials, words or ideas in new ways. Need time and space to explore ideas, develop interests. Can concentrate for long periods of time on activities that interest them. More eager to learn, more curious, more enthusiastic, and imaginative. They need routine and consistency from adults in their lives. Discovering things and inventing are favorite kinds of activities. Have lots of energy. Like physical challenges. Need to feel that adults are in control. Need good emotional support. Their parents are still the most important persons in their lives. How School Age Childcare Setting can cater: A School Age Childcare setting requires a warm, welcoming and challenging environment where the child can feel comfortable, accepted and at home and, most importantly, can exercise choice in the daily routine. The needs of Children which include free play, team tasks or peers bonding are very important when considering the services curriculum. Provide activities that are flexible and based on the children’s choices and interests. Introduce variety in the program of activity, with a range of options and differences each day. Ensure the availability of free play and time for children to be on their own Casual play with and without equipment and team games with  rules encourage children to learn to negotiate with each other. The service must be culturally and socially inclusive to all children attending. The service should support a healthy-eating and healthy-lifestyle policy. Children should be encouraged to assess risk and identify safety issues themselves, where appropriate. Allow children to assist in curriculum preparation, social, emotional and development learning and academic learning if applicable. It should have a range of rooms or areas to facilitate more than one activity by a child or group of children at a time. It should provide adequate open internal space to facilitate more physical activities including sports and drama, where appropriate. It should provide a quiet area for reading, table based activities and homework. Encourage choice and self-confidence. The school age childcare service should plan and provide a range of play opportunities and activities to support children’s social, physical, intellectual, creative and emotional capabilities. While adopting a positive attitude to Irish language and culture, the School Age Childcare Service must also commit to meet the needs of children coming from different language and cultural backgrounds and of children with special needs and differing abilities.

Vittore Carpaccio essays

Vittore Carpaccio essays Vittore Carpaccio was born around the year 1460 near Venice, Italy. They didnt keep birth records then, so this date is an estimate. Vittore knew from a very young age that he wanted to be a painter when he was older. He couldnt pay attention in school because he was always drawing or sketching on his papers. As a young man, Carpaccio was greatly influenced by two Venetian painters. These two painters were Gentile Bellini and Giovanni Bellini. Carpaccio was influenced greatly by these artists, but he also admired the work of other artists of the Venitian art period. Carpaccio used four cycles of paintings; each of these cycles was used to tell a story. However, only the first two of these cycles have become well known. Carpaccio did the first of these cycles between 1490 and 1495. This cycle consisted of nine large paintings. One of these paintings, named The Legend of Saint Ursula, is considered by most people to be his finest work. Especially original is the painting Dream of Saint Ursula. Vittore completed the second cycle of his paintings between the years 1502 and 1507. This cycle also consists of nine scenes. These scenes are mainly from the lives of Saint George and Saint Jerome. The two best known paintings of this cycle are titled Saint George Slaying the Dragon and Saint Jerome in His Study. Even tough Carpaccio was greatly influenced by other artists of his time; he still had a style that was different than everyone else. He seemed to use the colors black, red and brown more than other colors. He also put exotic animals or objects from faraway lands in many of his paintings. He also was very good with architecture and knew how to paint buildings so they looked real. Some of Vittores other widely known paintings include: A Saint Reading and Virgin and Child. Even though he isnt as famous as some other artists are; Carpaccio was one o ...

The Music Industry essays

The Music Industry essays From the video that was played based on the music industry', I learnt a bunch of things about the behind the scenes' activities that happen daily in this business. The amount of hard work that artists do to promote their records, their costs, profits, product promotions using music, etc. Watching this video was a great experience for me and it has completely changed the way I used to think about this industry. First of all, an artist has to sell a minimum of 800,000 records to reach a break-even in terms of financial analysis (because they only make about over a dollar on every album). Selling 800,000 records isn't as easy as you think it is. You need a horde of people behind you to make this so called dream' a reality. You need famous sponsors, big promotion companies such as Sony/BMG/Vevendi Universal/BMI etc, and at least an average income of above $50,000. $50,000 because, companies only want to promote artists who they think they could make money off of. Favours are not done in such massive multi-billionaire businesses. It costs a LOT to become a superstar! Secondly, I also learned that all the music shows I used to watch on TV, or hear on radio are all pre-prepared and it has nothing to do with the likes or dislikes of the broadcasting company. The artists pay them to talk about their songs and make it a number 1 choice amongst the public (such as the TRL show in MTV). In actual fact, all this is fake - "match fixing". It's just a way of promoting their records so that more people will go for it. Same goes with all the DJs of radio companies. They all get paid to play music from different artists. The more you want your music to be played, the more you pay - as simple as that. Furthermore, I learned about the effect of music when used to promote different products. A consumer will most likely buy a BIG MAC, if for instance a BIG MAC is promoted with a song the consumer enjoys best. Music is an integral p...

5 Common Errors in Punctuating Appositives

5 Common Errors in Punctuating Appositives 5 Common Errors in Punctuating Appositives 5 Common Errors in Punctuating Appositives By Mark Nichol An appositive is a word or phrase that refers to the same idea as another word or phrase in proximity. The phrase â€Å"my friend John† contains two appositives, because â€Å"my friend† and â€Å"John† are two ways of identifying that person I know well. For many writers, how to punctuate appositives is problematic. Here are some erroneous uses of punctuation with appositives: 1. â€Å"My sister Jane is a pain.† Whether this sentence is correct or not, actually, depends on specific knowledge: Does the writer have more than one sister? If so, the sentence is correct. If not, this sister’s name should be set off by commas, and a clarifying modifier like older (unless there are two or more sisters of greater age) preceding her name would be helpful. If you’re editing such a sentence, and you don’t have details, it’s best to omit commas. (Traditionally, father or mother would imply that the person in question is in a class all by himself or herself, necessitating commas, but it’s possible to have more than one of each.) 2. â€Å"This year’s spotlights include a tribute to Asian American film legend, Anna May Wong.† If the sentence referred restrictively to â€Å"the first Asian American movie star, Anna May Wong† (she is the only person in the class â€Å"first Asian American movie star†), the comma would be correct. But the adjectival phrase â€Å"Asian American film legend† is merely what is called a temporary epithet; it could refer to other people as well. The error perhaps derives from confusion with the correct construction â€Å"Anna May Wong, the Asian American film legend.† But as is, the sentence should have no comma. 3. â€Å"The typical manufacturing worker earned $44,680 last year, according to the New York-based research firm, Towers Perrin.† This error mirrors that in the preceding example; it can afflict references to inanimate entities as well as descriptions of people. The comma preceding the firm’s name erroneously implies that only one New York-based research firm exists, and it is therefore erroneous (unless there was a previous reference, not by name, to the specific company). 4. â€Å"The crowd was being seated for the performance artist’s newest show Say No More.† The opposite problem is on display here. The phrase â€Å"newest show† restricts the show title; only one show by the performance artist can be his or her newest, so a restrictive comma after show is necessary. The phrase â€Å"the performance artist’s show Say No More,† however, includes no qualifiers and therefore requires no comma. 5. â€Å"I read the book, The Chicago Manual of Style, from cover to cover in one sitting.† In trumpeting this masochistic achievement, the writer is suggesting that the volume in question is the only one in existence; it is â€Å"the book.† But bibliophiles have other options, so the writer should respect that fortunate fact by omitting both commas from this sentence. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Latin Plural Endings5 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers

Case study analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case study analysis - Term Paper Example Google was one of the pioneers to introduce easy and fast search. There technique of PageRank gained them more popularity. PageRank was used to measure the importance and relevance of a website based on the back links the site had from other famous sites. The AdWords introduced by Google gave many companies to advertise their products and website on web. AdWords gives the client the ability to select the relevant key words they prefer. Whenever these key words appear in the search the websites which have chosen these keywords will be displayed. Google has been able to change the concept of viral marketing altogether (Google’s Country Experiences: France, Germany, Japan, 200). Cultural Dimension of Google Google has been able to change a lot of traditional corporate work culture. Google has always promoted work with fun concept. They believe in keeping their work place playful yet efficient. Google management does not believe in serious nature of work, they believe that it is o nly when the employees are happy that they will be more efficient and creative in their work. When Google went for global expansion, their offices in all the countries had the work culture. The employees were never asked to come in formal attire. The aesthetics of the offices all over were also done with a casual attitude. Where other corporates promoted business like attitude in all their aspects, Google stuck to their core belief that work can be fun. It was a little difficult for employees in countries like Britain and other European Union countries to adapt to Google’s work culture. The informal way of conducting themselves in work place is an alien thing for these countries that associate work with serious attitude. Google has been known to promote ethnic expression at work place (Hamen, 2003). The Google management encourages their employees to mingle with each other. They encourage people hailing from different countries and communities to interact with each other. Thi s helps the employees to broaden their thought process. The set up in all Google offices is done in such a way that all employees have their meals together in cafeteria. Google also is famous for encouraging women employment in many countries to promote gender equality. The employees are provided with all the facilities like food, massage parlour and pool table etc. in the office complex itself. However, Google does stress enough importance on performance also. All employees are expected to perform to the best of their capability. The raise and promotions are based on the performance of the employee. An employee who is able to perform brilliantly while having fun is an ideal employee for Google. Google does not want its employee to lose focus from their jobs. The facility provided by them is to facilitate more productivity not divert the focus of the employees. The rapid growth of Google in different countries confirms the business viability of their unconventional ways. The busines s model of Google has raised many objections in many countries. Many countries like France and China do not agree to their business model. Google had to modify many of the original products they offered to accommodate country specific demands and laws (Google’s Country Experiences: France, Germany, Japan, 202). Revenue Earning Potential of Google Focusing on the revenue earning dimension of the company it is found that in the previous days Google used to

North East Referendum of November 2004 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

North East Referendum of November 2004 - Essay Example Moreover the conservative thinking of most of the English people with their reluctance to accept any changes may be another reason for the refusal to consider the development of regional governments. However the Labour government of England had a different view altogether. With disregard to the public opinion the government wanted to push the conservative policies of regionalization of the government. This, the labour government wanted to do as a measure to strengthen the operating mechanisms of the central government in the different regions. With this intention the Government held a referendum in the North East Region of England on the 4th of November 2004, for assessing the public opinion on the regionalization of the government. For whatever reasons, the referendum was rejected overwhelmingly by the voters showing their intention clearly against the formation of any regional assemblies. This paper attempts to discuss in detail among other things, the possible reasons for holding such a referendum, the campaigns made in support and against such referendum, the turnout of the voters and the details of the final results of the referendum. North East region in one of the eight regions of England, that stretches from Scotland to Yorkshire. "The region was created in 1994 and was originally defined as Northumberland, Tyne and Wear, County Durham and Cleveland As part of a reform of local government Cleveland has since been abolished and several unitary districts created." (All Experts) A rich natural heritage makes the region one of the unique locale with its long stretches of coast and extensive upland tracts. The capital of the region is Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The Cathedral city of Durham in this region is the city's political centre and was tipped to get the assembly housed there. Sunderland and Middlesbrough are the other cities of the North East region of England. Basically these cities were industrialized ones. "As such, wages and the standards of living in the region are the lowest in England, with high unemployment the norm" (Andrew Stevens 2004) The region has also returned to the Parliament political bigwigs like Prime Minister Tony Blair himself among others. With this background the government put forth the referendum to the people of North East England to decide on the introduction of a regional government body in the North East region of England. The voters in the region of North East England rejected the proposal for forming a regional assembly in a decisive manner, making the other two planned referenda for different regions shelved by the government at least temporarily. The referendum had a turnout of 47.8 percent, out of which 22.1 percent voted in favour of the regional assembly, while 77.9 percent voted against making their opinion explicit without doubt. 1.2 Government's Views on the Need for a Directly-Elected Regional Assembly: The government of UK had expressed its views on the necessity to have an elected regional assembly for the North East England and with these views only the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister had directed the base work far carrying out a referendum in the region as to assess the public opinion for the creation of the elected regional assembly. The North East Constitutional Convention had identified the following reasons for the North

Cuban Missile Crisis - Political Theory Analysis Essay

Cuban Missile Crisis - Political Theory Analysis - Essay Example sed the tension between the US and the Soviet Union increased to an extent that the US Navy ships opening fire and engaging in warning shots as a way of calming down the situation. After the 1945 incident, the US was not ready to permit any nuclear war especially on their ground and it is for this reason that the Kennedy administration decided to play it cool. In October 28, 1962 14 days after the confrontation started, a resolution was reached. The US made a national promise never to attack Cuba secretly and the Cuban administration agreed to dismantle the Soviet Union missiles and ordered them back to USSR base. Moreover, the US decided secretly to dismantle all US built Jupiter IRBMs nuclear weapons that it had deployed in Turkey and Italy in preparation for a war against the Soviet Union. After having summarized this case study, we shall apply specific theories in an attempt to consider the conflict resolution process that may have led to peaceful resolution of the missile crisis considering that this was a very dangerous mission. In this paper, I am going to look at the Cuban missile crisis through the lens of three different theories. The first theory will be about the process approach based on theoretical framework as developed by Zartman and Druckman’s model. The second approach will be the Prospect theory as proposed by Haas and finally the Simple Game theory as developed by Zartman. According to Druckman, international negotiation is a process, which considers various factors such as political affiliations, economic impact, foreign policies and the side effects of the negotiation (Druckman 327). According to Druckman, the process of negotiation begins from a bottom to up process referred to as building a package. Druckman suggest that during the formation... Cuban Missile Crisis has been a subject under serious discussions and studies as many scholars aim at finding out how to apply the principles and theories of conflict resolution that led to the end of a 14-day crisis amongst the world superpowers. From this study, we learned about the process theory, which summarized that conflict resolution is a process that requires negotiation. We considered factors like the mission, aim, strategies, and reference points. We have studied also about the Druckman and Zartman contribution to the Cuban missile crisis. We have also learned about the simple game theory, which is a process that aims at maximizing the outcomes of the negotiations through several considerations. We have also learned about the prospect theory and its application to the Cuban Missile Crisis. The theory is summarized as follows. â€Å"When individuals perceive themselves to be experiencing losses at the time they make a decision, and when their probability estimates associat ed with their principal policy options are in the moderate to high range, they will tend to make excessively risky, non-value-maximizing choices†.

What makes Shakespeare's plays so very popular, even after all these Research Paper

What makes Shakespeare's plays so very popular, even after all these years - Research Paper Example Shakespeare’s plays are universal in the sense that they reflect reality. This reality is not the objective reality. Rather it is a kind of inner reality that dwell within the being of a man and that shapes the objective reality itself. In apparently simplistic language, but with rich metaphors and imagery, most of the Shakespeare’s plays lay bare the existence of that very existential being before the audiences. Indeed Shakespeare was a modern artist ahead of modernism, because though â€Å"Existentialism officially emerged in the middle of the 20th century many authors expressed familiar ideas much earlier. Shakespeare’s Hamlet posts some existentialist questions and expresses existentialist ideas† (Essay-911). Along with this exposure of a modern man’s naked inner self, his artistic bent to present the most complicated and the most clandestine truth through the simplest and the most appealing poetic language wins the heart of modern people with the least effort, as in this regard Johnson says, â€Å"Shakespeare is above all writers, at least above all modern writers, the poet of nature; the poet that holds up to his readers a faithful mirror of manners and of life† (3). His art of characterizations also takes him to the core of human heart. His characters are not confined within the norms and rituals of a particular society; rather they are shaped by the common dynamics of human nature that exists in all the societies. Shakespeare’s portrayal of the characters is â€Å"not modified by the customs of particular places, unpractised by the rest of the world; by the peculiarities of studies or professions† (5). Modern existentialist scholars tend to mark the universality of the characters -of Shakespeare’s plays- as the portrayal of human’s very existential self. Such appraisal of Shakespeare’s art of characterization appears to be partial, not complete. But Johnson marks Shakespeare’s characters as the portrayal of humanity as he says,

Creating and capturing value through corporate p ortfolio management Coursework

Creating and capturing value through corporate p ortfolio management - Coursework Example In this case, the ability to have effective strategies and approaches in managing their running costs and increasing their particular value chains goes a long way in increasing business’ competitive advantages. Despite the uncertain existing business environment, organisations in the modern times have remained to face mounting pressure in the process of creating effective and reliable innovation in order to grow, expand and remain successful (Bonham 2005, 27). In this case, technology has seemed to be the most reliable aid, helping organisations to develop various aspects of value addition and qualitative elements in the products and services they develop. Additionally, business organisations in modern times are supposed to ensure that they effectively maintain their costs and other operational efficiencies, something that pause a serious challenge especially as far as economic challenges that keep changing affects business practices. It is important to ensure that as the business prepare to grow and take on the increasing opportunities in different countries with globalisation; many are faced with inadequate abilities as far as portfolio management resources and practices is concerned (Brentani 2004, 51). Businesses are currently involved in various practices that can increase their abilities to undertake effective portfolio management, with the aim of creating effective competitive advantages and increasing their market share. This paper examines the process of effective portfolio management as undertaken by General Electric, an American company, a multinational conglomerate that deals in various aspects of energy, capital finance, technological infrastructure as well as different kinds of industrial and consumer products and services. General Electric, often abbreviated as GE is a multinational conglomerate that has an America origin, with its headquarters in New York City at the Fairfield, Connecticut (Wald 2011,

What makes Shakespeare's plays so very popular, even after all these Research Paper

What makes Shakespeare's plays so very popular, even after all these years - Research Paper Example Shakespeare’s plays are universal in the sense that they reflect reality. This reality is not the objective reality. Rather it is a kind of inner reality that dwell within the being of a man and that shapes the objective reality itself. In apparently simplistic language, but with rich metaphors and imagery, most of the Shakespeare’s plays lay bare the existence of that very existential being before the audiences. Indeed Shakespeare was a modern artist ahead of modernism, because though â€Å"Existentialism officially emerged in the middle of the 20th century many authors expressed familiar ideas much earlier. Shakespeare’s Hamlet posts some existentialist questions and expresses existentialist ideas† (Essay-911). Along with this exposure of a modern man’s naked inner self, his artistic bent to present the most complicated and the most clandestine truth through the simplest and the most appealing poetic language wins the heart of modern people with the least effort, as in this regard Johnson says, â€Å"Shakespeare is above all writers, at least above all modern writers, the poet of nature; the poet that holds up to his readers a faithful mirror of manners and of life† (3). His art of characterizations also takes him to the core of human heart. His characters are not confined within the norms and rituals of a particular society; rather they are shaped by the common dynamics of human nature that exists in all the societies. Shakespeare’s portrayal of the characters is â€Å"not modified by the customs of particular places, unpractised by the rest of the world; by the peculiarities of studies or professions† (5). Modern existentialist scholars tend to mark the universality of the characters -of Shakespeare’s plays- as the portrayal of human’s very existential self. Such appraisal of Shakespeare’s art of characterization appears to be partial, not complete. But Johnson marks Shakespeare’s characters as the portrayal of humanity as he says,

MONEY AND BANKING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MONEY AND BANKING - Essay Example e pursuit of individual advantage stimulates the country by rewarding the ingenuity by using the powers bestowed by nature to enhance efficient distribution of labour (Agur 2008, p. 67-69). The country should specialize of efficient production of goods. The balanced trade ensures high standards of living. The interventions by the government distorting the market incentives may be unambiguously harmful. The tariffs limiting the trade may prevent the benefits exchanges. The trade balance means that losses are as a result of the displacement of people by imports (Agur 2008, p. 67-69). A country should also ensure flexible exchange rates in order to prevent the decline of the currency relative to the trade surplus currency from other countries. Regulating the exchange rates ensures that imports are more expensive to reduce the demand on imports. Also, exports should be at relatively low prices to foreigners so as to increase the demand for exports. The country should also aim at maintain ing the purchasing power parity and balanced trade (Agur 2008, p. 67-69). Part 2 The Foreign exchange markets are involved with the transactions for national currencies. The existent of such markets is influenced by the incorporation of the national currencies to the economy. In the world, the economy uses different currencies hence the need for the foreign exchange markets. Foreign exchange market is an example of exchange normally used in the international currencies decentralized globally. The financial centers around the world act as anchors for trade between different kinds of buyers and sellers. The foreign exchange markets influence relative value for the different currencies. The parties involved in the exchange markets buy another currency using quantity of another currency... From an economic view, trade deficits characterize poor economies. Most of the countries experiencing trade deficits are involved in consistent borrowing from other countries. Borrowing is not among the viable strategies in businesses. Labour unions consider trade deficits as key contributors to unemployment and it that it undermines the future production. The pursuit of individual advantage stimulates the country by rewarding the ingenuity by using the powers bestowed by nature to enhance efficient distribution of labour. The Foreign exchange markets are involved with the transactions for national currencies. The existent of such markets is influenced by the incorporation of the national currencies to the economy. In the world, the economy uses different currencies hence the need for the foreign exchange markets. Foreign exchange market is an example of exchange normally used in the international currencies decentralized globally. The financial centers around the world act as anchors for trade between different kinds of buyers and sellers. The stance of the monetary policies in industrialized countries has been inconsistent in bringing the value of foreign exchange currency back to its average value. This assumes the depreciation of the policies on the exchange currencies. The restriction of intervention in influencing the value of the exchange currency and the policy on intervention was consistent with the macro economy needs, and this led to the increased conflicts between the monetary policy stance and the use of intervention.

Police chiefs face Essay Example for Free

Police chiefs face Essay By this point the voice-over repeat of the chorus has finished. The camera begins to pan round then abruptly cuts to a shot of the police chiefs face; then a shot of the word police; and finally a shot of a scene of violence, death and destruction. Soon after the camera continues to pan but this time across a mass of posters on a wall.  During the next section of the film a credits-like theme is used, flashing a freeze frame of a character with a sub-heading of their name underneath. Firstly the Montague parents are shown. The camera freezes and then cuts to the Capulet parents. These are portrayed with more detail for example: a medium close up is used to show their faces which appear very distressed, possibly even scared. This part is made accessible to a modern audience by showing flashing lights. The view will most probably instantly connect this sight with police or even emergency services, both of which were not around in Shakespeares times, making it both an appropriate atmosphere and very modern. This way of introducing characters continues for various other key characters in the film. Accompanying this filming is a very dramatic choral music, awakening the viewer and drawing their mind to the film. The music builds in volume intensity as a similar style of music did earlier in the section, increasing the suspense and anticipation in the film. Seconds later from these credits several small clips are shown from the film. Including the firework display from the banquet scene. Following this yet again the chorus is portrayed but yet again in a different way. This time it is flashed across the scene in words. This reinforces the chorus yet again, similar to that of a film trailer. Whilst providing a brief overview of what will happen but not ruining the story. Then the background music undergoes a Rullentendo, bringing the mood and pace right down. The camera then rapidly zooms towards a cross. Then instantaneously a Romeo and Juliet title appears on screen as if announcing the beginning of the film. In summary the film has been made accessible to a modern audience using items and features we recognise and can relate to, for example; the newsreader; the modern city; helicopters; and so on. Secondly, the use of repetition and the variety of the delivery of the chorus. The use repetition is incredibly effective, as it constantly reminds us exactly what is being said both through auditory and visual effects. The director has effectively used both sound and special visual effects to create effective atmosphere throughout the film. In parallel with camera effects, throughout the film the atmosphere has been made appropriate using five main features. Firstly the consistent atmosphere of: conflicts; violence; and war between the families. Secondly, the effective use of music which is written in a very choral, classical and yet modern style. The way it picks up pace builds tension and excitement until the climax. As mentioned above, the news-style reporter is very familiar to us. Finally, the use of a modern futuristic setting really builds the atmosphere of intrigue. It gives the impression of a Gangland scene between the two families. In my opinion, this section has been made both accessible to a modern audience and used an appropriate atmosphere. Thus Baz Luhrmunn has successfully achieved his aim, to make a Shakespeare play understandable to a younger audience, more modern audience, by bringing the story into a modern and more easily relatable environment.

The Islamic communication

The Islamic communication Overview of the Theory: The theory basically points out the defects that are present in the existing theories of media and communications, they being predominantly western and secular in their approach have certain inconsistencies when applied in the Islamic world. It talks about the establishment of a professional association of Muslim journalists to give the Islamic world a voice that they consider to be appropriate in the media. Fundamentally the Islamic view of the world is based on five principles of (1) tawhid, (2) amrbi al-maruf wa nahyan al munkar, (3) ummah, (4) taqwa, and (5) amanat which are also explained in the theory. These five principles are not only the basic governing and guiding factor based on faith for the common Muslims but also for an Islamic state and hence will also be the elements that if an establishment of Muslims journalists is formed will use. The theory also then explains how the Muslim state or the Ummah is different from the present understanding of a nation state or politic al entity in the western world. From an Islamic perspective, therefore, this theory concludes that linguistic and political vocabularies and concepts, now at the centre of global politics, both celebrate the arrival of a new communication age and hold the key to ultimate information control (Mowlana, 2007). The Principles of an Islamic State and Media Theory Tawhid (Faith) Tawhid or faith as understood in the literal sense of the word implies the same thing in Islam. Even though the term has a deeper meaning than the regular interpretation. Tawhid in Islam means the acceptance of the Oneness of God. This implies in the religious context that there is no other power capable of doing anything without the will of God and hence it mandates the total submission of will to God. Since Islam is not just a religion, but an entire way of life. What this basically means is that, the spiritual aspects of the religion are not separate from the social, political, economic as well as personal aspects of a persons life. Hence, while in some other religions, which are classified as spiritual and a separation between the religious aspect of life and all the others can be established, in Islam it cannot be so. A Muslim is not considered a Muslim if he just following the spiritual aspect and not the social, economic and political aspects of the religion. It stands for the necessity of exclusive servitude to God, and it negates any communication and messages, intellectual, cultural, economic, or political, that subjugates humankind to creatures. The principle of Tawhid also negates any right of sovereignty and guardianship of anyone over human society except God. Society can be expected to be free from all deviations and excesses only when the affairs of society are delegated by a Power Transcendental to an individual or a council of rulers, with a power commensurate with responsibilities within the Islamic legal framework. Thus, all man-made laws and ethical codes that arrogate judgment to them, or to any authority or institution other than in obedience or enforcement of Allahs Own Judgment, are void. Therefore, all man-made laws, communication contents, mass media, and public forums that attempt to put restraints upon Allahs sovereignty must be void. Under the principle of Tawhid, another fundamental ethical consideration in tabligh becomes clear: the destruction of thought structures based on dualism, racialism, tribalism, and familial superiority. The function of communication order in Islamic society, according to the principle, is to break idols, to break the dependence on the outsiders, and to set the ummah or community in motion toward the future. Thus, one of the important functions of tabligh is to destroy myths. In our contemporary world, these myths may include power, progress, and modernization. Personalities as they represent these must not be super-humanized and super-defined. One of this dualism, according to this principle, is the secular notion of the separation of religion and politics. (Mowlana, 2007). Amr bi al-maruf wa nahyan al munkar A second principle guiding the ethical boundaries of tabligh in Islam is the doctrine of amr bi al-maruf wa nahyan al munkar or commanding to the right and prohibiting from the wrong. Implicit and explicit in this principle is the notion of individual and group responsibility for preparing the succeeding generation to accept the Islamic precepts and make use of them. Muslims have the responsibility of guiding one another, and each generation has the responsibility of guiding the next. The Quranic verse explains this: Call people to the path of your Lord with wisdom and mild exhortation. Reason with them in the most courteous manner. Your Lord best knows those who stray from His path and best knows those who are rightly guided (16:125). These points out the responsibilities of Muslims in guiding each other, especially those individuals and institutions that are charged with the responsibilities of leadership and propagation of Islamic ideals. This includes all the institutions of soci al communication such as the press, radio, television, and cinema, as well as the individual citizens of each community. Thus, a special concept of social responsibility theory is designed around the ethical doctrine of commanding to the right and prohibiting from the wrong. This concept has taken on an extra dimension of its own in the Islamic communities and societies through history since Islam as an all-inclusive systematic religion is an interrelated set of ideas and realities covering the entire area of human notion and action, beliefs and practices, thought, word, and deed. This is particularly important in light of the fact that Islam is not only a set of theological propositions, as are many other religions, but is also a set of comprehensive legal frameworks that govern every action of the individual in society and in the world at large (Mowlana, 2007). Ummah (Community) A third fundamental concept in determining the nature and boundaries of tabligh and that of social ethics, particularly as it might relate to the political life of the individual and Islamic society, is ummah or community. The concept of ummah transcends national borders and political boundaries. Islamic community transcends the notion of the modern nation-state system: an Islamic community is a religio-economic concept and is only present when it is nourished and governed by Islam. The notion of community in Islam makes no sharp distinction between public and private; therefore, what is required of the community at large is likewise required of every individual member. Accordingly, the ummah must be exemplary, setting the highest standards of performance and the reference point for others. In the Islamic ummah, the sovereignty of the state belongs to God, and not to the ruler nor even to the people themselves. The ruler or leaders are only acting executives chosen by the people to serve them according to the Law of Islam and the concept of Tawhid. Under the ummah, Islam has a new concept of community. One of the most important aspects of ummah is that Islam does not differentiate between the individuals as members of its community. Race, ethnicity, tribalism, nationalism, have no place to distinguish one member of the community from the rest. Nationalities, cultural differences, and geographical factors are recognized, but domination based on nationality is rejected. It is the individual and its relations to the community that is valued; however, this relationship alone is not the sole purpose in itself, both the individual and society must make their relationship clear to God: Are the individuals in society against God or under God? Taqwa (piety) A fourth principle outlined here to explain the ethical framework of journalism in Islamic societies is the concept of Taqwa or, roughly translated, piety. In Islamic societies, Taqwa is commonly used in reference to individual fear of God and the ability to guard oneself against the unethical forces which might surrender the environment; however, the concept of Taqwa goes beyond this common notion of piety. It is the individual, spiritual, moral, ethical, and psychological capacity to raise oneself to that higher level, which makes a person almost immune from the excessive material desires of the world, elevating the individual to a higher level of prophetic self-consciousness. The assumption is that human beings possess in their nature a set of divine elements which are other than the material constituents that exist in animals, plants, and inanimate objects. Human beings are endowed with innate greatness and dignity. Recognizing that freedom of choice is a condition for the fulfilment of obligation, the person is held responsible to perform his or her obligations within the Islamic framework of ethics. In short, it is recognized that human beings perform some of their actions only under the influence of a series of ethical emotions rather than with an intention of gaining a benefit or of repelling harm. Thus, as a virtue and as an important element in the ethical framework of Islamic communication both on the individual and community levels, Taqwa should be the underpinning ingredient in almost every action of a Muslim. Amanat (Responsibility) The fifth and final principle outlined in this article is the concept of Amanat. The term Amanat signifies great responsibility which the Almighty God has imposed on the human being for his or her deeds in this world. The most relevant view of this concept as it may apply to the conduct of the press and the media is that Amanat refers to Divine Vicegerency for which human beings alone are fit and none else can share this honour with him. The Holy Quran says: Surely, we offered the Amanat into the heavens and the earth and the hills, but they refused to hear it and were afraid of it, and man took it up. Verily, he (human beings) as unjust and ignorant (xxxiii: 72). Thus, human beings fitness for Divine Vicegerange is lower, conditioned by the fact that he or she must practice the lofty code morality which brings him or her to the Supreme Being. Off all the created beings, human beings are certainly the best and noblest (Ashraf-ul-makhlughat). Here, it may be noted that rights and obligations are interdependent. Serving the public interest, therefore, becomes one of the principal ethical duties of the media. Amanat means obligatory duties (faraiz). One aspect of Amanat is that is can only be given to one who has the capability and power to shoulder the burden of its responsibilities and fulfil the commandments of Allah. Thus, in Islam, real progress of moral and not just material, for the latter refers to the transitory things of life. The liberty in Islam has quite a different meaning from that understood in the West. It is neither a prerogative nor an absolute right of the individual. Hamid Mowlanas Take on Communication A number of studies on international communication over the last several decades reveal two essential characteristics. One is the ethnocentric orientation of mass communication systems of the highly developed and industrialized nations, and the second is the asymmetric circulation of information in the world. These two characteristics dominate the world mass media system and indeed are responsible for uneven treatment of events, imbalances in news and information, and also the unequal distribution of power in the world system. It is precisely here that a need for professional code of ethics among Muslim journalists around the world seems imperative, and their creation of a network of professional world associations both timely and inevitable. From the Islamic Revolution in Iran to the occupation of Afghanistan by the former Soviet Union, from the Persian Gulf War to the American invasion of Iraq, the last two decades have witnessed profound and worldwide revolutionary movements of an Islamic nature as well as systematic and continuous conflicts which have embraced Muslim lands. The developments in the Islamic world not only have been reported during this period with a good deal of bias, distortion, and ethnocentrism by non-Muslim media but also the great portion of what has been reported has been provided mainly by the Western media and journalists. Research shows that 99 per cent of world events do not come to the attention of readers simply because they are eliminated and considered as unimportant or irrelevant by the media. The Islamic world, in particular, has been on the receiving end of a good share of this modus operandi. A cursory look at the list of existing media and journalist associations around the world quickly shows how the media are organized and mobilized on the basis of nationality, regionalism, ethnicity, and even religious premises and are among the most active nongovernmental organizations around the world. Yet, remarkably, today, there are no professional associations of Islamic journalists which can set professional and ethical criteria for news reporting, protect the rights of individual Muslim journalists, and promote education and training of young men and women who represent a major source of human resources for Islamic culture and civilization. Why should there be an organization of Muslim journalists? Islam is not only a religion but also a total way of life for millions of people around the world. Unlike other major cultural systems, Islam transcends geographical as well as racial and ethnic boundaries and strives for universality of human kind. In short, the socio-cultural elements inherent in and among the Islamic community, ummah, provide a common ground and outline a necessity for the type of news reporting that is vital to understanding events in the world community. Such a network of Muslim journalist and media associations and professional organizations also can play an important role as vanguards and promoters of professional aims within the existing systems of international organizations. A network of professional associations, thus, not only can enhance the exchange of information among and between various geographical areas known as the Islamic world but also can stimulate the ongoing mobilization of journalists and their common interests. Principles of the Association It must be recalled that news values in the Islamic world differ considerably from the general news values in the non-Islamic world and, more specifically, the West. For example, take the concept of so-called hard news common in the Western media with its five Ws syndrome of what, when, where, why, and who which is promoted as universal. The real problem is that the recipient of such five Ws news never is allowed to conceive of news as a whole but only in fragments because the structure of the whole is at odds with what is considered hard facts. The priorities given to news values in the West, such as human interests, proximity, novelty, consequence, and prominence, are totally different from those valued in Islamic contexts. For example, the notion of proximity in the Western media primarily is a geographical as well as spatial concept. To apply this concept, in its orthodox sense, to the Islamic world would eliminate news coming from distant places such as Indonesia, China, Africa, or Latin America when the media and its audiences are located somewhere in the United States or the Middle East. Proximity in an Islamic context is neither geographical nor spatial but rather cultural-that is to say, events of the Islamic community of ummah are and must be relevant to the entire Muslim world regardless of nationalities and countries. The factors of human interest or prominence are by themselves not adequate justification for reporting of news in the Islamic context. News and information for the ummah are social commodities and not cultural industries. Analysis of the Propositions Even though the idea of having a unified singular association of Muslim journalists as proposed by Hamid Mowlana does seem appealing, there are certain points which if not taken into context can result in more chaos and instability than the pre-existing conditions. Mowlana emphasis the establishment of the association on the basis of Islam however, he fails to mention which form of Islam that is being followed currently will be the guiding factor for this association. Since it is pretty clear that there are more than 70 different sects of Islam currently being followed in the world and mostly the political scenarios are shaped by them, it will be difficult to come to a consensus. Since this is a matter of religion, it will be going against Ones faith if any of the principles are compromised upon. The predominant clash can be seen between the Shia and the Sunni. And we can see the problems that are happening on the political scenario in Iraq due to this very difference. Also, then there are variation of within the Sunnis and the Shias. This problem as he proposes can be taken care of by establishing it on the basis of the Quran and the Sunnah. That however, will also leave us with at least five different interpretations of Islam. Which can be se en in his own works Although the official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Jfari school of Shia thought, other Islamic schools of thought, including the Hanafi, Shafii, Maliki, and Yazdi schools, are to be accorded full respect, and their followers are free to act in accordance with their own jurisprudence in performing their religious devotions. (Mowlana, 1996: 175) Another important issue that Mowlana has not tackled properly in his theory is the various cultural differences that are there due to the geo-political scattering of the Muslims. Since by its very nature the association will be established to cater the need of the Muslim population throughout the globe, it is necessary to take into account the differences that are there in the Muslim world. Perhaps the closest we have to anything called a Muslim news network is Al Jazira, and I say close as it is also primarily not a Muslim news organization, we can see that it also again focuses on the issues that are there at the core of the Arab population and hence is not directly catering to the needs of the Muslims in the world. How he proposes to solve such a problem is not clear in any of his works. With the other parts of the theory of Mowlana that there should be an Islamic view of communication is what I agree with. Since, as explained above the Islamic community is an Ummah and unlike other religions Islam is a complete way of life. Conclusions With a few reservations that I have to the theory of Mowlana and those are also with the establishement of the association of the journalists that he proposes. I also feel that perhaps taking the Islamic point of view on communication and especially the differentiation between Tabligh and Propoganda is necessary for the world that we are living in. We are currently facing a crisis as to where Islam is being targeted as a religion that is one of the primary reasons for the absence of peace in the world and hence it is necessary that we show the Muslim perspective on the various events occurring in the world. References Khiabany, Gholam (2003) De-westernizing Media Theory, or Reverse Orientalism: `Islamic Communication as Theorized by Hamid Mowlana, Media Culture Society 2003; 25; 415 Mowlana, Hamid (1979) Technology versus Tradition: Communication in the Iranian Revolution, Journal of Communication 29(3): 107-12. Mowlana, Hamid (1989) The Islamization of Iranian Television, Intermedia 7(5): 35-9. Mowlana, Hamid (1993) The New Global Order and Cultural Ecology, Media, Culture Society 15(1): 9-27. Mowlana, Hamid (1996) Global Communication in Transition: The end of Diversity? Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Mowlana, Hamid (2007) Theoretical Perspectives on Islam and Communication, China Media Research, 3(4), 2007 Mowlana, Hamid (1997) Islamicising the Media in a Global Era: The State- Community Perspective in Iranian Broadcasting, in Kevin Robins (ed.) Programming for People: From Cultural Rights to Cultural Responsibilities. United Nations Television Forum, New York, 19-21 November. Report presented by RAI-Radiotelevisione Italiana. Mowlana, Hamid and Laurie Wilson (1990) The Passing of Modernity. London: Longman.

Self-Determination in the Basque Country Essay -- Persuasive Argumenta

Self-Determination in the Basque Country The Basques, settled on the Franco-Spanish border, are a people who do not have a country that exists as an entity of its own. They are not recognized internationally. Their borders are not respected, and their culture is repressed. Thus the history of the Basque Country is one of contentious protest against imposed conditions, unremitting effort in defense of its identity and a relentless search for a means of democratizing public life. They have not been able to practice or pursue the right to self-determination as stated in the international covenants on human rights (above) and the Universal Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples from Algeria, July 4th, 1976, that, â€Å"Every people has the fundamental and inalienable right to self-determination. It defines its political status in all freedom, without any external foreign interference." Spanning approximately 20,000 square kilometers, with three provinces in the â€Å"north† under French rule, and four provinces in the â€Å"south† under Spanish rule, the Basque people enjoy a strong sense of pride in their culture. This pride stems mainly from their unique language; the true essence of Basque identity. Its roots trace to before the invasion of the Indo-Europeans, around 4,000 years ago. Therefore, it is the oldest known language in all of Europe. The Basques have struggled to keep language as the cornerstone of their culture. However, under Spanish rule this has been greatly challenged, especially in the 20th century. In the first decades of the last century, children caught speaking Basque in schools were beaten as a means to discourage the use and growth of the language. And while the majority of the... ...on should achieve autonomy and independence, yet others, as is the case of the Basque Country, should not? The Basque people are entitled to self-determination. They have been persecuted and discriminated against for long enough. Their language and their culture deserve to be respected and protected. If this does not occur, attacks will continue, their anger will fester, and all their passion and frustration will perpetuate more violence, completing the circle, only to start again. BIBLIOGRAPHY Astrain, Luis Nunez. The Basques: Their Struggle For Independence. Welsh Academic Press. Wales. 1997 Sullivan, John. ETA and Basque Nationalism. Routledge. London. 1988. www.elpais.es Zirakzadeh, Cyrus Ernesto. A Rebellious People: Basques, Protests, and Politics. University of Nevada Press. Reno. 1991.

Chinese Cinderella

Chinese Cinderella Essay In the book, â€Å"Chinese Cinderella,’ by Adeline Yen Mah, there are many things that happen to Adeline throughout her life. The book is based on the original Chinese Cinderella, had a similar life to Adeline. Both were maltreated by their stepmothers, both original mothers die and both gradually become more powerful and renowned throughout their lives. The two girls were severely maltreated by their stepmothers throughout their childhood years. Chinese Cinderella, Ye Xian, was bullied by her stepmother.In the letter from Aunt Baba about the Chinese Cinderella, it said, â€Å"Her stepmother maltreated her, showing preference for her own daughter. † So what Ye Xian’s stepmother did was, she ate Ye Xian’s only friend, her goldfish, then she hid it but then Ye Xian found out. Adeline Yen Mah was also maltreated by her stepmother. Her stepmother was always biased and only treated her own children and the elder children (siblings of A deline) well. For example, Niang never gave her any tram money but she gave it to the other children.Also, Niang and her father never cared for her when she was young. What Adeline’s parents did affected her a lot in life. Adeline would strive to achieve more throughout her time at school to show what she could do, which made her more confident to work harder and have a better future. Both of the girls’ mothers die when the girls were very young. Ye Xian’s mother died first, and then her dad passed away a short time later. So the only carer for Ye Xian was her father’s other wife, her stepmother. She had her own child and didn’t care much for her, leaving Ye Xian on her own.Adeline’s mother died when Adeline wasn’t even in kindergarten yet. But Adeline wasn’t told much about her mother, even how her mother looked. On page 3, it said, â€Å"Do you have a picture of my dead mama? † But her aunt hesitated a bit and said no. This changed Adeline’s life because this could have made her work a lot harder at school so she could get a good job and try to recover her mother’s history. The two girls were afraid and weak when they were young but proved they could do well and become powerful when they got mature. Ye Xian was a professional at being a potter.She made many pots once and traded them for a pair of golden shoes. She wore them to a festival but lost one. A warlord found out it was Ye Xian’s shoe and married her. This is how Ye Xian was successful at the end. Adeline Yen Mah also became powerful at the end after all the years of suffering. She got very good marks at school and entered a writing contest once and won first prize. Her father was proud of her for one time and let her go to university in England. She was successful and got married and became a mother, which was a very big responsibility for her.How they became powerful was a big step for the two girls because they cou ld have courage in themselves, giving them more opportunities they had never done before and not be afraid to encounter problems. I think that Aunt Baba sent her this story because she wanted to tell Adeline she wasn’t the only person that was treated that way and wanted to give her more faith in herself. In conclusion, Chinese Cinderella and Adeline Yen Mah had pretty much the same life, but just different people in their stories. Chinese Cinderella Adeline Yen Mah’s novel Chinese Cinderella is an autobiographical novel about ‘the secret story of an unwanted daughter. ’ The novel is memorable because the story is intriguing and it is also historical as it depicts the chaos of China in the early 1940s. The novel is also remarkable for its strong depiction of characters. The novel is based on a girl called Adeline who is neglected and unloved by her family members. There are few people who love her. Adeline’s family considers her bad luck because they believe she killed her mother. Big Sister [tells] me, ‘†¦ Mama died giving birth to you. If you had not been born, Mama would still be alive. She died because of you. You are bad luck. † (Yen Mah, 1999:3). Chinese Cinderella is the story of Adeline’s struggle for acceptance and how she overcomes the odds to prove she is worth a chance. She does this by excelling in her studies at school. She is born the fifth child to a wealthy Chine se family where her life began tragically due to her mother’s death. She then struggles to find a place where she feels she belongs.With no love given from her parents, she finds a special relationship with her grandfather and Aunt Baba, who she is later separated from. She is then sent to a convent boarding school in Tianjin where the communists enter under their leader Mao Ze-Dong. Soon she is the only child left in the convent due to communism. After many months she is collected by Aunt Reine Schilling who is Niang’s sister. â€Å"Adeline! ’ she smiled and greeted me in English. ‘†¦ Do you remember me? I am Aunt Reine Schilling, your Niang’s older sister. ’†¦ ‘Come here! Don’t be afraid! †¦ (Yen Mah, 1999:154). Adeline was then taken to Hong Kong. The characters in Chinese Cinderella are portrayed very well. Every character is three dimensional. The horror of Adeline’s life is depicted vividly in the nov el. The characters in this novel vary in personalities. The aspect of the story that impacts on the reader is the terrible treatment Adeline endured. Niang, who is the stepmother, has a particular hatred towards Adeline. Her father, who is a mysterious character loves her at times and at others uncaring towards Adeline. â€Å"Is this medal for topping your class? he asked. I nodded eagerly, too excited to speak. † (Yen Mah, 1999:11). This was the only time he congratulated Adeline. Adeline has three brothers and one sister. She is attached to Aunt Baba most who is a loving character. She shows great love and affection towards Adeline unlike her other family members. Her grandfather (Ye Ye) is one of her most passionate supporters throughout the story. Her grandfather believed in her so much that Adeline said â€Å"And if I should be so lucky as to succeed one day, it [is] only be because you [believe] in me. † (Yen Mah, 1999:208).This proves the influence her grandfath er had on her. Chinese Cinderella is so well written that one could envisage what China was like in the early 1940s. In the late 1930s to the early 1940s China was a strict society. People expect you to be obedient and respectful. Adeline’s life starts in Tianjin where she is born. She studies kindergarten with her older sister Lydia at St Joseph’s French Convent School. As soon as she starts school she shows her talent and skills. â€Å"What’s that hanging on your dress? † â€Å"It’s something special that Mother Agnes gave me in front of the whole class this afternoon.She called it an award. † My aunt looked thrilled. â€Å"So soon? You only started kindergarten one week ago. What is it for? † â€Å"It’s for topping my class this week†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Yen Mah, 1999:1) Adeline continues her success at school. A few months later in early 1942 Adeline’s Nai Nai dies of a massive stroke. Adeline’s family is planning to move to Shanghai due to the Japanese communists but waited six weeks till after Nai Nai’s funeral. Then Adeline, Big Sister, Big Brother and Second Brother left to Shanghai to live with Niang. On the way to Shanghai â€Å"[They] were delighted and astonished†¦ (Yen Mah, 1999:24) when they came face to face with their father. Even in Shanghai Adeline continues to succeed at school. The reader can imagine the conditions to which Adeline was subjected. One could imagine the misery of having to walk home from kindergarten. One afternoon, â€Å"Not long after Father and Niang [return] from Tianjin, Mr and Mrs Huang [come] to visit. They [bring] gifts for all seven of us children in a large cardboard box with several holes punched in the lid†¦When we [open] the gift from the Huangs, we [are] delighted to find seven little baby ducklings. (Yen Mah, 1999: 83). Adeline names her duckling PLT (Precious Little Treasure). After a few days Adeline’s father suggests t esting Jackie’s, the pet dog’s obedience after dinner. He orders fourth brother to fetch a duckling and he came down with PLT. That night is PLT’s death. Fourth brother has been with Adeline during PLT’s funeral. Soon Niang decides to get Lydia married. After the wedding Niang moves Adeline into Tianjin and sends her to a convent boarding school. By December that year she is the only student left due to the communists.Aunt Jeane Schilling comes to pick her up and take her to Hong Kong where she studies secondary school. Later Adeline studies medicine in England. The language in Chinese Cinderella successfully describes Adeline’s life, particularly the hardships. Upon hearing that Adeline wins the writing competition and her father being pleased she imagines, â€Å"[Her] whole being [vibrates] with all the joy in the world. I only [have] to stretch out my hand to reach the stars. † (Yen Mah, 1999:220). This quotation means that Adeline feels as though all the joy is inside her.She had so much joy she is vibrating. She thought the joy lied in the stars, which she obtains by stretching towards the sky. The language is also very emotive because the novel describes the feelings of every character, such as the scene when Adeline’s little duckling PLT is killed by their dog. â€Å"I [am] overwhelmed with horror. My whole world [turns] desolate. † (Yen Mah, 1999: 96). Adeline says this in a very small amount of words, but it is so descriptive you can feel the emotion.This quotation means that she is suffering through too much horror and sadness to cope with. Adeline felt that the whole world was deserted, nothing but grief. Through the language the reader is able to resonate with the hardships Adeline endured. Chinese Cinderella is a novel which depicts the chaos of China in the early 1940s. It is an autobiographical novel telling the story of an unwanted daughter. The novel is memorable because the language is c aptivating. Chinese Cinderella is remarkable for its strong interpretation of the characters.

History- Slave Trade

Describe the different colonial economies; and how that influenced their adoption of slavery (or lack thereof). The Chesapeake Bay and Carolina colonists pursued wealth and later realized the value of tobacco by the help of John Rolfe. They believed that gold, silver and a wide variety of raw materials could be located in Jamestown. Unfortunately the colonists were ceased of gaining profit due to the living conditions and lack of knowledge. Causing many deaths from various diseases and diminishing the their population.Colonists also refused to farm forcing them to steal food stock from the Indians creating a quite the quarrel among the two. The colony was mostly male as well as indentured servants. If any, families were very small and with no to a couple of children. Some time later they began spreading out their homes in search for tobacco. This decentralized the colony and decreased their knowledge of disease. By the water ways they would establish their homes to help with the impo rt and export of materials. Now labor was much needed to keep the materials flowing so African slaves were sent to help with labor.This was a part of the triangular trade among Africa, northern colonies, Britain, and the Caribbean. The Northern Colonies were much more stable than Southern colonies They were more focused on the religion and keeping a structured family. There was a better men to women ratio than the Chesapeake colony. Their life expectancy was better than south by 15-20 years. Even though the climate was colder their knowledge of farming gave them plenty of food to supply themselves. They believed in living in close quarters of one another and having a center of the colony.This provided them with knowledge and uses of medicine to prevent disease. Their population was now healthier and now families were larger than ever before. With triangular trade across the Atlantic African slaves were sent everywhere to take over the labor to produce products. In the southern colon ies they lacked a labor workforce and were supplied with slaves from the Caribbean. The African slaves were then sent to the north due to the overflow of slaves in the south. The northern colonies slave population was one of the lowest among the other colonies because the population had no problem with hard work.

Reaction for marriage and family

I can really relate to this, in certain ways I have felt that my parents have tried to make me like them instead of letting me blossom into whom I want to be. I may not always make the choices that they want, or that they would choose, but in the same essence we are all different and we are all created to be who we want to become. The choices and decisions we make may not always be good or right, but the things we go through help us to grow up and learn things that we other wise would have never came to understand. I also agree very much with the part where he was talking about to being able to give your children your thoughts.Parents can preach to their kids and tell them their opinions all they want, but at the end of the day we are all our own individuals and we all have our own views and opinions, through the things that we have went through. Not one person on this earth goes through exactly the same pattern as anyone else, we all go through things that make us who we are, and we all have and see things differently. The beauty of that Is our thoughts are what make us, Some of the things that I do not particularly agree with are where he Is saying that hillier come through you, but are not really yours.That does not really sit well with me, because I feel that children are a gift to you and that they are yours. I believe that they are also gifts from God, but they are yours until you dedicate them back to God. That Is Just my opinion though; I suppose It could be wrong. I feel that you are suppose to raise your kids and take care of them and supply for them so therefore that means that they are yours. That was really the only part that did not sit very well with me. Overall, I can relate to his philosophy of parenting.I think that this writing was beautiful. Just reading It really made me think a lot about parenting and life. It Is a very deep and meaningful philosophy. It Is almost as though he Is saying that a child Is never really yours, and that you are merely there to be Like them. I do not think that to many parents actually live by this philosophy. I see a lot of parents that try to control or live through their children's lives. Sometimes I think that parents Just want to protect or they care to much which Is why they control, but It does not make It right.I think that If more parents lived by the philosophy there would be a lot more mature children In the world, because they would have been learning how to make hand things to their kids and plant their own views in their kids head, they do not let experience and question life so they never really get to grow, then when they are on their own they go crazy because they never had the chance to learn. I really liked this article, it really did make me think quite a bit and think about things my parents did and things that I would like to do in the future.

In What Ways Has the United Nations Organisation Influenced the Essay

In What Ways Has the United Nations Organisation Influenced the Conduct of Diplomacy - Essay Example Attitudes toward the UN are based on having governmental and international interference. This affiliation makes it easier for the government to work toward a resolution while national involvement with the conflict becomes secondary (Ernst, 1037: 2008). Actions of the UN The United Nations has not only suggested and become involved with resolving conflict at earlier stages. There are also initiatives that have been propagated and organized by the UN which serve individuals in various countries. An approach which has been taken is multilateralism. This strategy is based on diplomats of several countries working together to provide solutions to foreign affairs. Often, larger states work unilaterally to create a different approach to solving problems. Foreign policies, interference from governments working together and the development of councils in various countries to enhance the security of a nation are some of the outcomes of this approach. The security enhancement and other policies that have been implemented as a result can work to take proactive measures against conflict while ensuring that individuals have the capacity of overcoming challenges now emerging at a global and national level. Peacekeeping operations, government diplomacy, economic recovery, assistance with health programs and climate negotiations are some of the several programs that have developed as a result of this concept (Plenum, 2011). The concept of multilateralism works to overcoming challenges and to move into a higher sense of diplomacy. The UN has the ability to intervene and provide changes with the governance offered with the associations between nations. Intergovernmental organizations are able to work with finding solutions while offering higher security. If... This paper approves that the concept of foreign policy and the soft power of the UN are furthered by the overall sense of political barriers that naturally form within nations. The use of foreign policies and the need to have legalities within a specific nation is one that causes most who are in nations to be forced to take sides. The main view that is seen always has an opposing view, even when there is a common purpose. The conflict then comes from tensions that can’t be resolved by those in the UN or other regions and builds a sense of ideological interests that continue with the conflicts of various nations. This report makes a conclusion that the concept of diplomacy is one that is continuously being altered and re-defined. The United Nations organization has used various measures to change this particular outcome and to influence the way in which diplomacy works. The association with diplomacy is one that is regulated by education, suggestions and the overall ideologies that the UN has created. This is combined with the legal implications that the UN can reinforce and the agendas that are carried out by NGOs and other non – governmental organizations. These are all able to work by changing the influence within the UN. However, there is often the inability to create influence because of foreign policies and the nature of various governments. While the UN is able to spread specific levels of diplomacy through mediation and education, the limitations rely on national governments and the main approaches used to creating a sense of peace resolution and diplomacy within the region.

Educational Biography Statement Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Educational Biography - Personal Statement Example The first lesson I learned in school was about authority. I learned that you did not question it. My parents were the type of parents that were always on the side of the school. They had a sort of conflicted relationship with public schools because they both had a difficult time in school. On the one hand, they recognized that the people in school were professionals and were there to teach me. They had a lot of trust in my individual teachers and always believed what they said. If I went home and said, â€Å"Mrs. Kershaw smacked my had with a ruler today!† they would ask me, â€Å"Well, what did you do?† They never questioned a teacher’s authority to discipline or teach me, so this taught me to listen and obey my teachers. On the other hand, my parents were almost paranoid about the institution of education. They were suspicious of the people at the very top. The superintendents, principals and specialists that ran the school and were responsible for the big pict ure were viewed as lazy and wasteful. Nothing they did was every OK with my parents. They railed against tax increases, curriculum changes and decisions about school safety. It took me a long time to realize that my parents were taking a stance against what they perceived as management (Cook, 1978). Both were laborers and they viewed my teachers as peers, but everyone else was management. I was in high school before I figured out why my parents were so supportive of the education system on the one hand, and so against it on the other. This was the beginning of my own conflicted feelings about schooling and education. By high school, I could see that my parents wanted me to get a college education so that I would be a part of a class of people that they mistrusted. I know that this sounds conflicted, but that’s my parents. They wanted me to be more secure than they were themselves, but their view was that the only way this could happen was to be something other than I was. Not quite fitting into a defined social position is not something new for me. From elementary, through middle and high school, I always felt that all of the students were strongly encouraged to fill a slot in a specified, existing group. Some students are academically inclined, others are athletes. Some students are compliant while others are rowdy troublemakers. There seemed to be a lot of either/or decisions that were expected of me in school that caused me to question what I was and what I really wanted out of life. Two of these incidences that were very powerful occurred when I was in elementary and high school. They both involved a conflict in scheduling that could have been resolved had the school not been trying to force me into a specified social construct. In elementary school, there were many activities that were commonly called pullouts by the teachers. Looking back, I realize that some of these pullouts were for students that struggled to learn, but others were and effort t o differentiate instruction for small groups of students (Tomlinson, 2005). I was identified as Gifted students, so one of my pullouts was a required class called Reach. I met with other Gifted students at this

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Literature review - Essay Example Health Organization (WHO), 2007, p.1, defines falls as â€Å"inadvertently coming to rest on the ground, floor or other lower level, excluding intentional change in position to rest in furniture, walls or other objects†. As age increases so does the incidence of falls. Consequently it is the older people that face the brunt of the problem of falls, which is demonstrated by the incidence of falls being between 28 to 35% in people between 65 and 70 years and between 32 to 42% in people over the age of 70 years (The World Health Organization, 2007). Falls among the older population and the consequent injuries suffered are a major public health problem. The reason for this is that besides the enhanced frequency of falls in the elderly, such falls result in mild to severe injuries to the tune of 20 to 30%. This leads to more than 50% injury related hospitalization among the elderly and 10-15% emergency of all emergency department visits (The World Health Organization, 2007). In comparison to hospital stays for other injuries among the elderly, hospital stays due to injuries from falls are much longer. In the United Kingdom hospital admission rates owing to falls to individuals over the age of sixty is between 1.6 to 3.0 per 10,000 of the population and the emergency department visits as a result of falls in the elderly is between 5.5 to 8.9 per 10,000 of the population (The World Health Organization, 2007). In addition, to high hospitalization rates, falls in the elderly carry the higher risk of mortality, with falls being responsible for about 40% of all deaths from injuries to the elderly (The World Health Organization, 2007). Post-hospitalization complications can also arise in the form of post-fall syndrome that include the elements of dependence, loss of autonomy, immobilization and depression. This reduces the ability to perform daily activities, making them dependent on caregivers from the family. In the United Kingdom, the average earnings per annum lost on

Marxist view on globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marxist view on globalisation - Essay Example People and states get more and more freedom in choosing their behaviour and the way of life in general, however everyone should understand that such freedom involves certain responsibilities. According to a typical definition, globalization is "the intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations across borders" (Holm and Sorensen, 1995). Speaking about the bases of this phenomenon it is possible to note that some features of modern globalization have a long history. Roots of this process are in the epoch when colonial empires have laid the foundation of the first basis of the international economic relations in this millennium. However the modern international economic relations underlying globalization essentially differ from those that have been generated from the beginning of an epoch of Great geographical discoveries and foundation of colonial empires. Globalisation is an all-round rapprochement and integration of all countries of the world in technological, informational, cultural, economic and political spheres. Though, the term 'globalization' is rather new and "begs for clearer conceptualization and more precise empirical application" (Krieger, 1999: xii), the given phenomenon has its own history. Tendencies to integration and rapprochement between the states existed always, but most considerably these tendencies were presented in two historical periods: first, in the middle of the nineteenth century before the World War I, and secondly in the 1990s years of the twentieth century. Technological basis of the first wave of globalization were phone and telegraph in the sphere of communications, railway construction in the sphere of transport, assembly line production in industry. Technological shifts have caused economical ones expressed first of all in the strengthening of economic interdependence and formation of the uniform world economy. About constantly amplifying internationalization (globalization) of economic development testifies also the fact that the world trade grew more quickly than world production, so the role of the international economic relations constantly increased. Since 1970s of the nineteenth century alongside with export of goods grows export of the capital. Economic globalization in the second half the nineteenth - the beginning of the twentieth century has also pushed integration processes in other spheres. During this period appeared the first international inter-governmental (The Universal Postal Union, International Telecommunication Union) and non-governmental (the Red Cross) organizations. People have started to conduct international sports competitions that have led to revival of the Olympic movement and creation of the international sports federations. But most of all globalization manifested itself in the political sphere. Alongside world economics it is now possible to speak about world politics. So let us oppose the Marxist view of globalisation to that of liberalism, using their assessment of the North-South divide in the contemporary global world. The North-South divide is just one of the "global economic challenges we have to confront in the twenty-first century. Economic scarcity' in the form of shrinking global markets and increasing production costs is intensifying economic rivalries. Technology races and various forms of commercial warfare have replaced the arms race of the Cold War days. According to Japanese politician Isihara Shintaro (Japan