The Plague Of The Bubonic Plague - 1562 Words

A 1200 census stated that the Chinese population was close to120 million inhabitants. By 1393, their population dropped to around 62 million. Before long, the disease causing this drop in populace migrated into Europe. A diseased person would get a high fever, cold sweats, experience weakness, have migraines, and buboes (swollen, tender and painful lymph nodes) would appear. Without warning, buboes would spread to every lymph node in the body and blood would start to puddle under the skin. The skin then turned black and died. In its final stages, the victim had respiratory failure, went into shock, and died a slow, painful death. As described in this quote by Matteo Villani, â€Å"It was a plague that touched people of every condition,†¦show more content†¦The website www.allempires.com states, â€Å"Perhaps no empire in history has risen so spectacularly as that of the Mongols. In less than 80 years, a band of warriors originally comprised of several men grew to a n empire that encompassed all from the Pacific Ocean to the Danube River.† (pg.1) Founded in 1206, by the infamous Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire quickly gained power. By 1260, the Mongols had stretched their illustrious empire from the East coast of china to present-day Russia. Because of this, the Mongols grew to great power and were feared all over Eurasia, mostly for their ferocious battle tactics. They were known to be some of the most barbaric groups of warriors to ever walk on the face of the Earth. Town by town, civilians were expected to surrender to the Mongols, or they would all be savagely murdered. One interesting way they did this was through some of the first examples of biological warfare. As mentioned above, the Bubonic Plague ravaged Asia before it ever became known in Europe. Because the Mongols ruled the majority of Asia, they had many citizens die from the Bubonic Plague. Sadly, the Mongols found a very repugnant use of all the dead bodies. They would catapult diseased cadavers into cities, which extirpated entire towns within a few months. The Mongols achieved their goal of domination without having to expend extra energy through physical combat. This saved

Compare And Contrast Jason And Medea - 1148 Words

Abrahamsen, Laura. â€Å"Roman Marriage Law and the Conflict of Senecas Medea.† Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica, vol. 62, no. 2, 1999, pp. 107–121. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20546591. Accessed 12 Sept. 2017. This article explores the laws of marriage in Roman culture. While both Euripides and Seneca hold two of the most acclaimed versions, Laura Abrahamsen describes how Seneca’s version may be best suited in representing a Roman retelling of the legend and how the traditional social constructs may have added to a negative perception of Medea. Ackah, Kofi. â€Å"Euripides’ Medea and Jason: A Study in the Social Power of Love.† Phronimon, vol. 18, 2017, pp. 31–43., upjournals.co.za/index.php/Phronimon/index. Accessed 12 Sept. 2017. Kofi†¦show more content†¦The article acknowledges the extent of time that Euripides devotes to the complexities of the feminine mind, while also defending the argument that Medea receives little sympathy in the end in comparison to Jason. Lloyd, Charles. â€Å"The Polis in Medea: Urban Attitudes and Euripides Characterization in Medea 214-224.† Classical World, vol. 99, no. 2, 2006, pp. 115–130. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4353029. Accessed 13 Sept. 2017. Charles Lloyd investigates the characterization of Medea, such as her language and sequence of events, to prove how Euripides paints her as sophisticated due to her foreignness. However, he also proves that Medea is suppressed by listing ways in which she tried to change her perception by imitating male Greek culture. This article will provide a counterargument for the patriarchy I intend to illustrate within the text The character Medea continues to stun and unsettle audiences as she depicts the fury that results from infidelity within marriages. This complex play of a Greek husband, Jason, and his wife Medea, who responds to her husband’s disloyalty of joining with another wife by killing their two sons, and his new royal bride, depicts a rather wicked and irrational side of the female protagonist. Coupled with the use of her witch-like powers to complete the murders, Medea is prevented fromShow MoreRelatedComparing the Characters of Lysitrata, Penelope, and Medea Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesThe purpose of the paper is to compare and contrast the characters of Penelope in the epic, The Odyssey, Lysistrata in the comedy, Lysistrata, and Medea in the tragedy, Medea. The writer will first give a brief synopsis of each character, followed by a comparison and climaxing with the contrast. Penelope, a loyal, faithful and patient wife is faced with suitors pressuring her daily to remarry. She uses her wit and cleverness to hold them off. She assures the suitors that she will remarry as soonRead MoreCompare/Contrast the Treatment of Femininity in Pygmalion and Medea1437 Words   |  6 Pages‘properly but is unaware of her independent nature and is ill prepared for what lies ahead. In the opening act, when Higgins finds her in Convent Garden, Shaw portrays Eliza as unfeminine and outspoken, if not somewhat rude and this is in sharp contrast to the ladies, Clara Eynsford-Hill and her mother, who are waiting in the rain expectant that Claras brother, Freddy, will do his ‘duty and provide them with a taxi. They are quite disgusted by Elizas attitude and Mrs Eynsford-Hill is obviouslyRead MoreRevenge from a Womens Broken Heart in Metamorphoses and Ishtar from The Epic of Gilgamesh614 Words   |  2 Pagesexample, Medea. Well some can argue what she did was wrong, but when you break it down it was not her fault that led her anger down that path. Medea is not the only person to have her heart broken and seek revenge. Their have been others. I am going to compare and contrast other stories we have read where female characters seek revenge from the ones they love. Such as, comparing and contrasting the actions of Medea with Juno from Metamorphoses, and Ishtar fro m The Epic of Gilgamesh. Well Medea andRead MoreTreatment of Women in Ancient Literature Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesmentioned, there are many contrasts to this â€Å"good† woman who waits, maintains chastity, and is silent. Euripides’ Medea is a character that does not follow the norm of the female role. In the classical age, women were expected to be meek and powerless creatures, and when they were not they were usually considered to be hysterical. Medea’s strength is portrayed as her madness as she takes control and decides the fate of her enemies. She is a strong character and Euripides allows Medea to have a voice byRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Jury Of Her Peers1841 Words   |  8 Pagesaround the strange death of john wright. It is a piece of work that exposes sexism on women. Women have been categorized for some time now based on their gender and not on ability and skills. They have always fell at the short end of the stick when compare against men. Nevertheless, there were many similarities as well as differences in challenges that women faced women. Even in the ancient times, Women play many important roles both in ancient Greece and in modern society. In all cases, women are

Regulatory Approaches For Combating Airbnb â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Regulatory Approaches For Combating Airbnb? Answer: Introducation The attempts of Eric vested in procurement of certain assets have been observed in the course of the past one year which is a clear indicator that he was in possession of the assets for a period lesser than a year. It has been established that capital gains could be assumed as taxable only under the condition if the selling price of an asset is greater than the cost base. Eric will also not be able to acquire the indexation benefit due to the possession of finance for less than a year (Andreas Markus, 2014). Categorized of Assets Personal use assets that are intended for personal use are generally procured for personal enjoyment and this category excludes the collectibles. Sale of assets that are procured at costs less than or equal to $10000 to other persons could not be subject to the liability of taxation on capital gains. According to the requirements of the question, the personal assets acquired by Eric include a home sound system and the shares of a listed company (Brean, 2013). While the procurement cost of the home sound system was found to be $12000 the shares were found to be costing $5000. Collectibles could be defined as assets purchased by individuals for fulfilling personal efficacies alongside providing enjoyment like personal assets. In the case of collectible that capital gains are not taxable under the condition that the procurement cost of the collectibles is less than or equal to $500 (Besley Persson, 2013). The information provided in the question facilitates an impression of the collectibles acquired by Eric as follows. Eric acquired a painting that was associated with a procurement cost of $9000 and an antique chair at a procurement cost of $3000. Another collectible acquired by Eric included an antique vase which amounted for an acquisition cost of $2000 (Becker, Reimer Rust, 2015). The data obtained from the above stated scenario could be utilized as inputs for formula to calculate capital gain on the assets which were under possession for less than a year. Capital Data of the assets Asset Cost Base of Assets Capital Proceeds of Assets Net Capital Profit/ (Net Capital Loss) Home Sound System 12,000 11000 (1000) Loss Shares in listed company 5,000 20000 15000 Profit Painting 9,000 1000 (8000) Loss Antique Chair 3,000 1000 (2000) Loss Antique Vase 2,000 3000 1000 Profit Net Capital Gain/Loss 5000 Profit Points to considers: -The assets that were acquired for personal use by Eric depict procurement costs more than $10000 which validates the taxability of capital gains on the assets (Drautzburg Uhlig, 2015). -The procurement costs of all the collectibles were estimated to be above $500 which suggests the applicability of taxation to the capital profits on the assets. -In order to identify the net profit or loss the annual capital losses have to be set-off with capital gain. The scenario suggests the provision of a three year loan by the employer of Brian to him with the condition of a special one percent interest rate. Another notable highlight is observed in the condition of the management for the interest to be repaid in monthly instalments. The loan amount is estimated to be $1 million and provision of such a substantial amount of loan at considerably lower interest rate than the prevailing rates in the market accounts for classification of the loan as fringe benefits (Farhi Werning, 2013). The element of statutory interest rate should also be considered effectively in order to determine the taxability of the benefit from the loan. According to the information provided in the question, the loan was offered on April 1, 2016 which suggests that the statutory interest rate could be estimated as 5.65% (Guner, Kaygusuz Ventura, 2014). This step involves the calculation of the loan fringe benefit through discarding the deductible rule. The deductible rule implies that the interest on the loan calculated on the basis of actual rate of interest should be subtracted from the interest on loan calculated on the basis of statutory rate of interest (Henneman, 2015). Interest according to statutory rate of interest= $1000000 * 5.65%= $56,500 Interest according to actual interest rate= $1000000 * 1%= $10000 Therefore the loan fringe benefit can be calculated as the difference between the two amounts which is = $56,500-$10,000= $46,500 The second step involves the computation of interest based on statutory interest rate with the assumption that the interest is the real amount payable Interest based on statutory interest rate= $1000000 * 5.65%= $56,500 This step should involve the calculation of tax deductible interest expense since Brian has spent forty percent of the loan for addressing future obligations and the tax deductible interest expense could be assumed as hypothetical in nature (Higgins Pereira, 2014). The tax deductible interest expense could be calculated as follows: The real tax deductible interest expense for Brian should also be calculated since Brian has utilized 40% of the loan for dealing with future obligations (Jaimovich Rebelo, 2017). The real figures for tax deductible interest expense could be calculated as follows: $10000 * 40% = $4000 This stage involves the subtraction of actual amount from the hypothetical figure in order to reach a specific conclusion. Therefore, $22,600- $4000= $18,600 The final taxation amount is estimated in this step through subtracting the amount calculated in the fifth step from that determined in the first step.Hence, Brian has to pay a final amount of, $46,500- $18,600 = $27,900 The conditions in which interest is paid at the termination of the loan rather than in monthly instalments, the deemed period in case of the loan would have to be calculated from the time when the interest becomes payable (Mellon, 2016). In the case of monthly repayments the deemed period is assumed from the time when the interests are paid respectively. On the other hand, it is necessary to emphasize on the case if Brian is not obliged to repay the interests then the computation has to follow the similar approach only with the assumption of zero actual interest rate (Matter, 2016). 3.The scenario depicts the agreement between Jack and Jill who are husband and wife to rent a property under the condition that Jack would be eligible for 10% of the profits earned from the property while the wife, Jill, would be eligible for 90% of profits. Furthermore, the agreement also involved Jacks consent to bear complete responsibilities of any sort of losses thereby relieving Jill of the burden (Maurer, 2016). Hence it can be stated that the loss of $10000 observed last year becomes the sole liability of Jack without any responsibility of Jill in the case. On the other hand, Jack also has the opportunities of offsetting the loss of $10000 through his other incomes thereby reaching on a final estimation of net profit or loss for the concerned year. Jack also has the option to carry forward the losses for subsequent years until the point where the property has to be sold which can lead to either profits or losses for Jack and Jill (Piketty Saez, 2013). In event of a loss, the responsibility for the entire amount is vested in Jack who has the privilege to carry forward the losses or implement them for determination of net profit or losses in the concerned year or upcoming years (Thomson, 2015). On the contrary, if an event of profit is encountered then the amount must be distributed in the agreed shares of 10% of Jack and 90% for Jill respectively. Jack also has the privilege of offsetting the loss of $10000 incurred last year with the profits acquired from sale of property. Therefore, it can be concluded that Jack can offset the losses of the past year in the present year through income that can be acquired as profits from the sale of the property (Wallace, 2015). However, if there are no observed profits in the current year, then Jack is responsible for the losses with the exclusion of Jill from such undertakings. Hence it can be concluded that Jill would not be subject to any consequences in context of tax treatment while Jack is obliged to be responsible for the losses in his accounts. The case of IRC v Duke of Westminster [1936] AC 1 provided insights into the fact that an individual is rightfully entitled to utilize legal strategies and resources for decreasing total income at the end of a year. Therefore, it can be imperatively observed that in cases where an individual decreases their total income at the end of the year, the Commissioners of Inland Revenue are not authorized for inquiry into the matter or pressurizing the individual to increase their payable tax (Thomson, 2015). However, it is necessary to consider that such rule is applicable only in cases where an individual utilizes authentic measures for decreasing total income at the end to the year helping them in reducing the total payable tax. The notable principles that can be apprehended from the case include the following: Every individual is rightfully eligible to implement strategic measures in accounting leading to depreciation in their total income An individual is not liable to pay additional taxes if the procedures adopted for decreasing income are ethical and moral. Adoption of legal means to decrease the total payable tax amount also indicates that an individual cannot be questioned for validity. The individual is also exempted from any sort of pressure to pay an increased amount of tax. However, the validity of the above mentioned rule could be questioned on the grounds of inferences drawn from new case laws in the contemporary scenario (Jaimovich Rebelo, 2017). The prominent difference could be observed in the reforms in ideologies underlying review of accounts and their management. In the current scenario, the rule can be presented as follows: The rule mentioned previously holds significance in the contemporary environment in order to prevent organizations from utilizing unscrupulous means for modification of accounts to accomplish superior advantage. The rule is also reflective of the legal right for businesses to execute their operations feasibly (Higgins Pereira, 2014). An example of the application of the rule can be observed in a company which is encountering losses and is unable to fulfil its obligations. This type of organization could prefer alteration of balance sheet amounts alongside writing off their fixed assets according to the intended values. The organization should also emphasize on the significance of authenticity of the documents that are used to justify the transactions (Henneman, 2015). On the other hand, the organization is liable to experience backlash in event of adopting unethical means for management of accounts due to the rule. Therefore, it can be concluded that transactions which facilitate ef fective operations of an enterprise could be considered valid from a legal perspective without any concerns of questioning by legal authorities. The scenario indicates the abundance of big pine trees in the piece of land owned by Bill which in turn is intended by him to be used as grazing grounds for sheep. In order to accomplish this feat, Bill has to ensure that the trees are cut from the property. Hence, Bill hired the services of a logging company which agreed to reimburse Bill with $1000 for every 100 meters of timber (Guner, Kaygusuz Ventura, 2014). The question that needs to be addressed in this context is the applicability of the tax on Bill for the amount of profits earned by the logging company. The question does not provide clear insights into the exact amount of receipts for clearing of trees which implies the assumption that is a revenue receipt in hands of Bill. Therefore, Bill is not liable to pay the capital gains tax. The lump sum amount attained by Bill can be considered as a capital receipt in his hands. For example, if Bill receives $50000 from the logging company for removing the timber from his property then that amount can be ascertained as capital receipt for Bill. Considering the payment as capital receipt could be validated on the grounds of the lump sum nature of the payment alongside the zero presence of recurring receipts (Farhi Werning, 2013). Another characteristic that should be noted in this context is that the transaction is underlined by the provision of rights to another party for removal of trees from the property. Hence it can be observed that since the receipt in the hands of bill is a lump sum amount and has been considered as capital receipt, the amount is taxable according to the rules of capital gains tax. The scenarios depicted above provide an illustration of the fact that Bill is acquiring money in either case. The first case suggests that Bill receives payments in re curring receipts which are also small in nature while in the second case Bill receives a capital receipt in the form of a lump sum amount of $50000 which is not recurring in nature. The concern of providing the right to the logging company for clearing of trees from the property is also liable for classifying the lump sum amount eligible for capital gains tax (Farhi Werning, 2013). The receipt in the second case is larger in amount and can be estimated as one-time in nature owing to the considerable period of time required for regrowth of the trees after cutting them down. Hence the second case indicates that Bill is engaged in the sale of an asset to another company for a considerable amount alongside providing rights to the company. According to the precedents of taxation law, sale of assets for consideration by one party to another implies consideration of capital receipt and taxability for the seller (Farhi Werning, 2013). On the contrary, the first case depicts formidable imp lications towards recurring receipts which in turn limit the prospects for acquiring capital gain tax. Therefore the scenario in the first case should be addressed through normal taxation rates rather than subjecting the profits to capital gains tax.; References Andreas, O. and Markus, H., 2014. Taxation of income from domestic and cross-border collective investment. Brean, D.J., 2013. Taxation in modern China. Routledge. Besley, T.J. and Persson, T., 2013. Taxation and development. Becker, J., Reimer, E. and Rust, A., 2015. Klaus Vogel on Double Taxation Conventions. Kluwer Law International. Drautzburg, T. and Uhlig, H., 2015. Fiscal stimulus and distortionary taxation. Review of Economic Dynamics, 18(4), pp.894-920. Farhi, E. and Werning, I., 2013. Insurance and taxation over the life cycle. Review of Economic Studies, 80(2), pp.596-635. Guner, N., Kaygusuz, R. and Ventura, G., 2014. Income taxation of US households: Facts and parametric estimates. Review of Economic Dynamics, 17(4), pp.59-581. Henneman, J.B., 2015. Royal Taxation in Fourteenth-Century France: The Development of War Financing, 1322-1359. Princeton University Press. Higgins, S. and Pereira, C., 2014. The effects of Brazils taxation and social spending on the distribution of household income. Public Finance Review, 42(3), pp.346-367. Jaimovich, N. and Rebelo, S., 2017. Nonlinear effects of taxation on growth. Journal of Political Economy, 125(1), pp.265-291. Mellon, A.W., 2016. Taxation: the peoples business. Pickle Partners Publishing. Matter, P., 2016. Green taxation in question. Maurer, J., 2016. Sharing Economy. Regulatory Approaches for Combating Airbnb's Controversy Regarding Taxation and Regulation. Piketty, T. and Saez, E., 2013. A theory of optimal inheritance taxation. Econometrica, 81(5), pp.1851-1886. Thomson, W., 2015. Axiomatic and game-theoretic analysis of bankruptcy and taxation problems: an update. Mathematical Social Sciences, 74, pp.41-59. Wallace, S.L., 2015. Taxation in Egypt from Augustus to Diocletian. Princeton University Press.

Whales are a widely distributed and diverse gro Essays - Biology

Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals . They are an informal grouping within the infraorder HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea" \o "Cetacea" Cetacea , usually excluding dolphins and porpoises . Whales, dolphins and porpoises belong to the order HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetartiodactyla" \o "Cetartiodactyla" Cetartiodactyla with even-toed ungulates and their closest living relatives are the hippopotamuses , having diverged about 40 million years ago. The two parvorders of whales, baleen whales ( Mysticeti ) and toothed whales ( Odontoceti ), are thought to have split apart around 34 million years ago. The whales comprise eight extant families : HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaenopteridae" \o "Balaenopteridae" Balaenopteridae (the rorquals ), HYPE RLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaenidae" \o "Balaenidae" Balaenidae (right whales), HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetotheriidae" \o "Cetotheriidae" Cetotheriidae (the pygmy right whale), HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschrichtiidae" \o "Eschrichtiidae" Eschrichtiidae (the gray whale), HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodontidae" \o "Monodontidae" Monodontidae (belugas and narwhals), HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physeteridae" \o "Physeteridae" Physeteridae (the sperm whale), HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogiidae" \o "Kogiidae" Kogiidae (the dwarf and pygmy sperm whale), and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziphiidae" \o "Ziphiidae" Ziphiidae (the beaked whales). Whales are creatures of the open ocean; they feed, mate, give birth, suckle and raise their young at sea. So extreme is their adaptation to life underwater that they are unable to survive on land. Whales range in size from the 2.6 metres (8.5 ft ) and 135 kilograms (298 lb ) dwarf sperm whale to the 29.9 metres (98 ft ) and 190 metric tons (210 short tons) blue whale , which is the largest creature that has ever lived. The sperm whale is the largest toothed predator on earth. Several species exhibit sexual dimorphism , in that the females are larger than males. Baleen whales have no teeth; instead they have plates of baleen, a fringe-like structure used to expel water while retaining the krill and plankton which they feed on. They use their throat pleats to expand the mouth to take in huge gulps of water. Balaenids have heads that can make up 40% of their body mass to take in water. Toothed whales, on the other hand, have conical teeth designed for catching fish or squid . Baleen whales have a well developed sense of "smell", whereas toothed whales have well-developed hearing their hearing, that is adapted for both air and water, is so well developed that some can survive even if they are blind. Some species, such as sperm whales, are well adapted for diving to great depths to catch squid and other favoured prey. Whales have evolved from land-living mammals. As such they must breathe air regularly, though they can remain submerged for long periods. They have blowholes (modified nostrils) located on top of their heads, through which air is taken in and expelled in the form of vapour . They are warm-blooded , and have a layer of fat, or blubber , under the skin. With streamlined fusiform bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers, whales can travel at up to 20 knots , though they are not as flexible or agile as seals . Whales produce a great variety of vocalizations, notably the extended songs of the humpback whale . Although whales are widespread, most species prefer the colder waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and migrate to the equator to give birth. Species such as humpbacks and blue whales are capable of travelling thousands of miles without feeding. Males typically mate with multiple females every year, but fe males only mate every two to three years. Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them. Mothers of some species fast and nurse their young for one to two years. Once relentlessly hunted for their products, whales are now protected by international law. The North Atlantic right whales nearly became extinct in the twentieth century, with a population low of 450, and the North Pacific gray whale population is ranked Critically Endangered by the IUCN . Besides whaling, they also face threats from bycatch and marine pollution. The meat, blubber and baleen of whales have traditionally been used by indigenous peoples of the Arctic. Whales have been depicted in various cultures worldwide, notably by the Inuit and the coastal peoples of Vietnam

Cult`s Activities Essays - Manson Family, Cult, Charles Manson

Cult`s Activities Cult activity has been on the rise over the past few decades. With it there has been an increase in the fear surrounding it. From this fear, society has learned much about cults, how they get members and what to look out for as far as cult recruiters go. Society as a whole has also learned what can be done to deal with cults. Cult activity and the fear that surrounds it Throughout the last couple of decades more and more stories of illegal cult activity or murders by satanic cults appear on the news each night. This surge of reported cult activity has caused a spark in public interest. There has been a large increase in the fear that surrounds cults over the past couple of years. A cult is "a therapeutic or unconventional religious movement (McBride, 1985, 22)," and the more cults that fall beneath the public eye, the more serious the fear of cults becomes. Much of this fear has been sparked by major cult related incidents such as mass suicide by the People's Temple or the murder of Sharon Tate. These incidents, and incidents like them, grab the nation's attention and create widespread panic. But as the nation reads about these stories in the paper, the same questions seem to surface. Questions like "How does this happen?" or "What can we do to stop this from happening again?" are often asked. The panic and fear of cult activity in our country seems to continue to grow with the more unbelievable stories that hit the news. The first big news event that was cult related occurred in 1969. Five dead bodies were found by the maid at 10050 Cielo Drive. Beautiful actress Sharon Tate who was pregnant at the time, and her friends Steven Earl Parent, Abigail Folger, Voytek Frykowski, and Jay Sebring were found butchered thoughout the residence (Bugliosi, 1974, 18). The murders themselves grasped the nation's attention, but it was when the murderers and their motives surfaced that the fear began. It was in February of 1970 that the motive of these murders was discovered (Bugliosi, 1974, 283). Through police investigation, it was discovered that the murders were cult related. Charles Manson and members of his cult, known as "The Family," were to blame. Manson and family lived on a ranch in California. Manson was an avid fan of The Beatles and believed that this rock band spoke to him though their lyrics. He particularly liked The Beatles' White Album which included the song "Helter Skelter." Manson interpreted this song's lyrics as a prophecy of a race war that would take place between the blacks and the whites. In this war, he believed the black man would rise up and slaughter all of the whites. So Manson's plan was to take his family out into the desert and hide in a bottomless pit until the war was over. After the war, he believed the blacks would realize all they ever knew was taught to them by the white man, and if they wanted to survive, they would need a white person to tell them what to do. That is when Manson and his Family would surface from the bottomless pit, and be the rulers of the world as the master race (Bugliosi, 1974, 284-290). The only problem with Manson's prophecy was that Helter Skelter never came. So he sent Family members out to kill Sharon Tate and friends and instructed them to make it appear as if the blacks did it. He tried to accomplish this by writing words in the victims' blood all over the walls like "Arise," "Helter Skelter," and "Death to the Pigs." All this was done in hopes of starting the race war (Bugliosi, 1974, 424). The trial for this terrible crime was so publicized that it played a very significant role in creating cult fear. The next largely publicized cult related incident occurred in 1979 with the mass suicide in Jonestown (Green, 1993, 34). Jim Jones started his cult in California. His cult was referred to as the People's Temple, and his followers called him Reverend Jim Jones. Jones operated his cult under the cover of a home for depraved children. He managed to round up 300 children, some taken illegally, and around 600 men and women who wanted to help these children. Jones then left California, and headed to Guyana (Miller, 1990, 42). It was there that he convinced his 900 followers, made up of men, women, and children, to drink orange squash

Breath Right Essays

Breath Right Essays Breath Right Essay Breath Right Essay When we foremost began marketing this merchandise. what was so sweet. peculiarly as a doctor were the literally 1000s of letters and phone calls we would have speaking about how much better people slept at dark. Almost all the letters began with thank you. thank you. thank you! Just three thank you’s. It was. I haven’t acquire a good night’s slumber like this in 10 old ages. What is Dr. Dan Cohen. CEO of CNS. Inc. . speaking about? Its Breathe Right ® rhinal strips. the advanced adhesive tablet with a little spring inside that. when attached to the olfactory organ. pulls the nasal passages unfastened and makes it easier to take a breath. Since its debut in the United States. Breathe Right strips have been coveted by jocks trusting to better their public presentation through increased O flow. snorers ( and more frequently. snorers’ partners ) trusting for a sound night’s slumber. and allergy and cold sick persons looking for alleviation for their stuffed olfactory organs. The Breathe Right ® strip was invented by Bruce Johnson. who suffered from chronic rhinal congestion. At times he would set straws or paper cartridge holders up his olfactory organ at dark to maintain his nasal passages unfastened. After puttering in his workshop for old ages. he came up with a paradigm design for the Breath Right ® strip. He brought the paradigm to CNS. which was in the slumber upsets diagnostic equipment concern at the clip. Dr. Cohen knew immediately the market for the strips would be immense. After the merchandises received Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) blessing and became successful in the market CNS divested its other involvements and went to work marketing the strips full clip. Bing a little company. CNS did non hold the budget to establish a large-scale selling run. But it got the interruption it needed when Jerry Rice. the broad receiving system for the San Francisco 49ers won the 1995 Superbowl. The full state became cognizant of the merchandise overnight. and demand for the strips increased dramatically. An indicant of this national consciousness was treatment on Television talk shows and even visual aspects of the strip in sketchs. The jobs that the Breath Right ® strip solves – saw wooding. congestion – are non alone to the US population. Besides. with the media being so planetary today. people around the universe were seeing US jocks have oning the strip and inquiring how they could acquire their olfactory organs on some. CNS decided to take Breath Right ® international. But because it was still a comparatively little company and had no experience in the planetary market topographic point. it opted to take on a distribution spouse that had extended planetary mercantile establishments already in topographic point every bit good as the ability to market the merchandise abroad. 3M. shapers of such merchandises as Post-It notes and the leader in stick-to-skin merchandises around the universe became the international distributer for Breath Right ® strips. David Reynolds-Gooch. International Business Manager at 3M. explains that the strips tantrum in good with 3M’s bing adhesive line of first-aid merchandises and are sold in channels with which 3M has extended purchase: pharmaceuticss. hypermarkets and nutrient markets. 3M agreed to take control of all the selling and communicating duties in add-on to the distribution in return for a per centum of the gross revenues gross of the strips. The strips are co-branded in the international markets. The bundles say both Breath Right ® and 3M. 3M introduced the Breath Right ® strip in Japan. and so it was rolled out in Europe. and now can be found in more than 40 states from Australia to South America. 3M used a similar attack to that used by CNS in the US. Create consciousness during the debut stage through public dealingss – athleticss related and otherwise. The first twelvemonth we had unbelievable PR success remembers Reynolds-Gooch. We believe we got approximately $ 14 million worth of free Television. wireless. and print clip around the universe. This was done through such tactics as holding the South African rugger squad wear the strips while it won the World Cup of rugger and holding pulmonologists and take a breathing experts describe the benefits of the merchandise on talk shows in Japan. Australia. Europe and Latin America. CNS rapidly discovered some major differences in marketing the merchandise here and abroad. For case. as Gary Tschautscher. Vice President of International Marketing at CNS explains. In the US. we positioned and distributed the strips as portion of the cough/cold class of merchandises. As we rolled it out internationally. all of a sudden we realized in some states that subdivision in the shop doesn’t even exist. So where make you place your merchandise? Additionally. says Reynolds-Gooch. There truly aren’t many big drug ironss or pharmaceutics ironss. The shops are independent in most states by jurisprudence. So what that means is you have to travel through multiple beds of distribution and finally we were able to act upon the druggist because of the other merchandises 3M distributes in the shops. Finally. there is no couponing in most states in the universe. That vehicle for bring oning test of a new merchandise is non available. and therefore a batch more in-store sa mpling is needed. Both CNS and 3M face some issues for the hereafter as Breathe Right strips addition in popularity around the Earth. While the athletic section of the market gets most of the promotion. the snorers are the majority of the market for the strips internationally. Reynolds-Gooch has identified making heavy users – those who use the strip every dark – as the most of import selling point for the hereafter. in front of people with seasonal colds or allergic reactions. Besides. many of the markets that have been identified as hot new markets throughout the concern community may non be appropriate of the Breath Right ® strip. For illustration. Latin America and Asia ( particularly China ) are emerging markets with steadily increasing income degrees and big populations. but the mean age in these states is under 30. and people under 30 typically do non hold saw wooding jobs with the frequence that older people do.

The term paper is mostly a critique of Graddy's paper Essay

The term paper is mostly a critique of Graddy's paper - Essay Example The study that was undertaken by Graddy focused on over 400 restaurants from franchises that included Wendy’s, Burger King, Roy Rodger’s, and KFC. The pricing data was collected by using the result of studies done by Card and Krueger from 1994, with the income and race information coming from the census information of 1990. As the Graddy work is dated 1997, the time period for which the data is collected is appropriate, but will reflect the 1990s rather than looking towards the future. The reasons for using the data from fast food restaurants seems to be sound as it was an industry chosen for its product duplication across markets inside the United States. Graddy notes that previous studies of a similar type were done in reference to supermarket prices, but did not distinguish between the observable differences between race and income. Graddy dates the last study of that type to have been done in 1982, thus suggesting further that this area of inquiry has been neglected . In more recent studies to the date of the Graddy work, the topic of racial differences in price points was discussed concerning difference in automobile prices where Caucasian and African American customers were concerned where identical automobiles were quoted with different prices where one race was compared to another. African American buyers were routinely quoted a significantly higher price than Caucasian buyers. The nature of the way in which prices are determined, it seems, often has a relationship to race. In the Graddy study, she points out that this point is proven according to the work that she has done due to her work that shows that meal prices are at a difference of 5% when the population of a neighborhood is at 50% or more for an African American population. The initial study from which Graddy gathers her data from is based upon the work of Card and Krueger who surveyed restaurants in New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania in February and March of 1992 and then once mo re in November and December 1992. The survey questioned 473 stores with only 410 stores responding which gave a 87% response rate. For the first set, valid responses were gathered from 387 stores, with the second phase having success with 376 stores. Grady correlated this information with zip codes, first calling the individual stores, and then verifying that information with zip code directories. This information was then correlated with the information from the census in order to create valid information about place and price information in regard to race distribution in the areas of study. The information that was correlated for the race and price distribution section was then correlated in such a way as to add dimension to the study. The data was correlated with information from the 1992 Uniform Crime Reports Crime in New Jersey and Crime in Pennsylvania that was gathered from both the New Jersey and Pennsylvania police departments. After all the data was collected and correlate d, 322 restaurants had provided enough information to make the necessary relationships within the study which included information about starting wage, number of employees, and crime rates. The first table in the

LOGIC Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LOGIC Assignment - Essay Example As pointed out by King in his speech, the United States gave ample support to France when the Vietnamese led by Ho Chi Minh struggled for liberty from the French. The United States’ support suggests that the liberty of the Vietnam people was not in the interest of the United States government. Indeed, this fact was further buttressed when the United States government declined to recognize the independence of Vietnam even after the French has been defected. Given the support given by the United States government to the French and the role the former play after the defect of the later by the Ho Chi Minh led revolution, it is, indeed, hypocritical for Americans to play the role of liberator of the Vietnam people. This argument by Martin Luther King was reliable. King was, however, guilty of hasty generalization when he mentioned that those who question his opposition to war â€Å"do not know the world in which they live† (American Rhetoric: Online Speech Bank). In this fal lacious argument, King claimed that by questioning his opposition to war, these individuals were ignorant of who he, King, is and therefore they are ignorant of the world in which they live.

Book vs. Film(life of pi) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Book vs. Film(life of pi) - Essay Example The second part describes the circumstances that led to the sea voyage that forms the core of the story, and the third section is a detailed description of Pi’s experiences at sea. The fourth and final section of the novel includes the author’s sentiments and tells of Pi’s rescue and explains the how the story developed. Pi’s adventure starts when the ship they were sailing on gets shipwrecked and he is stranded on a life boat in the company of a Bengal Tiger named Richard parker. In the film, Pi is accompanied by Richard Parker, an Orangutan monkey, a Zebra and Hyena. This paper seeks to discuss Life of Pi by focusing on several points and the spirit of survival, its impact and significance in life. Pi was brought up as a Hindu by his family a characteristic that can be attributed to him being a vegetarian. As Pi grew older, he discovered the existence of Christianity and Islam religions, which he investigated and explored extensively. He came to the conc lusion that the three religions had their benefits thus; he decided to practice all of them since all he wanted was to love God (Martel, 2012). This is illustrated by his conclusion regarding the two visitors to their zoo who belonged to two different religious affiliations, yet they had identical names. Pi concluded that even though they belonged to two extremely different religious inclinations, they still sought to gain a higher understanding and love a higher supreme deity. Pi’s experience with the three religions can be construed to have prepared him to deal with what he faced at sea (Martel, 2012). The aspects above are better illustrated in the book than in the film adaptation because the book offers the reader the opportunity to use their imagination, understanding, perspective and insight to recreate the author’s intended premise. Pi faced a life threatening situation at sea and his faith in religion can be attributed to his triumph over adversity especially i n matters of faith when he was faced with doubt. The animals that were in Pi’s company on the life boat served to enlighten Pi on the need of being string when faced with adversity. The Hyena threatened Pi’s life by snarling at him an indication that it meant him harm. The hyena killed the grants zebra and the orangutan monkey then ate them after which Richard Parker the tiger killed and ate the hyena leaving it and pi as the sole occupants of the vessel. This served as a very significant lesson for pi because it helped Pi realize that in order for him to survive; he had to gain control of the tiger. This incident also taught Pi that the world was only meant for the strong and those who were ready to live by any means necessary (Martel, 2012). It helped Pi realize that the world had no room for the weak as illustrated by the way the hyena eliminated the other animals who could not fight or fend defend themselves on the life boat. Pi comes to the conclusion that in orde r to secure his survival he has to establish a hierarchy on the life boat so as to facilitate a peaceful coexistence between him and the tiger. Pi’s use of animal psychology and training techniques he learnt from their zoo is an illustration of how adversity has the ability of exposing an individual’s hidden potential and abilities. The film adaptation of the novel is more illustrative of the above aspects because the situation on the life boat is brought to life for the audience. The theme of life is

Overview Of Science Teaching Yesterday Today And Tomorrow Education Essay

Overview Of Science Teaching Yesterday Today And Tomorrow Education Essay The development of science education in the United States is said to have been pushed by a perceived lack and deficiency with laggard innovations in science and the declining quality of students the science curriculum has produced. Reforms in the science curriculum in the past were triggered by Soviet Unions Sputnik launch and how the event placed the US behind their Russian counterparts (Matthews, 1994). Today, in the era of globalization, a growing concern is the declining standards and performance of American students in mathematics and science. The challenge falls upon the entire American education system to ensure scientific literacy among its citizens and equip them with the scientific competency to become productive members of a democratic society. This paper discusses the evolution of science education in the United States in order to evaluate how the science teacher or educator could initiate reforms in the classroom or the systemic setting. Science Education: The Past It is a common perception among students that science is a difficult and deplorable subject in school (Krehbiel, 1999). Responsibility has fallen upon policy-makers and science teachers to make the sciences more appealing to students. As Stephen Jay Gould said, We think that science is intrinsically hard, scary, or arcane, and that teachers can only beat the necessary knowledge, by threat and exhortation, into a small minority born with inborn propensity (as cited in Osborne, 2007, p. 117). Why has science education acquired this brand or label as a seemingly impossible subject which only a handpicked few could appreciate and comprehend? The history of science education suggests that the rigidity, prescriptive curriculum, and standardized form of science teaching as a subject based on memorization of facts on a very wide range of science content might have contributed to this perception (Matthews, 1994). The standardization of science teaching in the late 1800s was undertaken in order to address the problem of the lack of qualified science teachers. The school curriculum concept grew out of the London School Board in the United Kingdom in 1870, prompting the training of science teachers who can ably teach science courses to the general public. In the United States, the standardization of science education came in the 1890s and there was a great debate on what ideology should guide the school science curriculum: citizen science or professional training. In 1892, a group called the Committee of Ten was tasked by the National Education Association (NEA) to make recommendations for a school science curriculum. This commi ttee emphasized on science teaching as a citizen science that is important in grooming professional scientists in the future. As a result, the entire American education system applied the curriculum recommended by this Committee (Wallace and Loughran, 2003). The emphasis was theoretical and stressed on the teaching of facts and principles of the disciplines. The approach was foundationalist, where the curriculum attempts to make the future scientist learn all the basic concepts of every science discipline. Cohen opines that the tradition of attempting to make students memorize a series of dry facts was impractical because no practicing scientist readily memorizes such as the density of various substances, the atomic weight of different chemical elementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the distance in light years from the Earth to various stars (and so on) (as cited in Osborne, 2007, p. 173). This tradition still dominates science education today, but has also been challenged with the introduction of other ideologies to guide science teaching. One is the applied approach where science is taught in relation to how everyday things function and contribute to society, and the liberal or humanistic approach, where emphasis is given on the implications of science in a historical and cultural sense (Matthews, 1994). Science Education: The Present The same concerns still exist in science education today. Attitudes toward science and mathematics among students remain negative and parental support for a science-geared education has declined (Osborne, 2007). K-12 science educators in many states in the US still follow the rigid, theoretical tradition in science teaching and conform strictly to the curriculum and content prescribed among age groups. Policy makers and education lobbyists have expressed concern that emphasis on facts and theories have resulted to teachers who merely cover the material, without teaching the material. The process of science is overlooked and the student fails to develop critical thinking skills and appreciation for the scientific method. Osborne (2007) articulates the tension in science teaching today. She argues that the science curriculum is geared at developing future scientists, hence, the stress on factual and theoretical presentation on a wide range of content. This contributes to the perception that becoming competent in science is practical only to students who want to pursue a career in the sciences someday. The aim of scientific literacy for all citizens is missed if this kind of thinking is not corrected. According to Krehbiel (1999), science teachers have the responsibility of clarifying to students that science competency is not only suited for the future scientist, it is also beneficial to non-scientists. Scientific literacy contributes to the development of problem-solving skills that greatly benefit non-scientists and can be applied in everyday life. Science education development today wants to enhance the competency of teachers. Teachers are central to the development of scientific literacy which is the end goal of science education (Osborne, 2007). Their qualifications and their attitudes play a great role in accomplishing this mission. State Boards have specific requirements and credentials for science teachers. Studies have shown that teachers who possess subject-specific degrees are better qualified to influence positive science outcomes among students than those who do not (Cronginer et al., 2003). However, secondary characteristics such as teachers attitudes and belief systems play a major role in motivating students to learn. Wallace Loughran (2003) suggest that there are many factors that contribute to the belief systems of science teachers, such as social pressure (or the need to conform to prescribed methods of instruction) and the apprenticeship of observation (or the mirroring of style of teaching they experienced a s students in their science classes). Attitudes about practice reflect upon a science teachers teaching style, which in turn influence comprehension. Teachers who consider themselves as transmitters of knowledge apply a teacher-centered style of instruction where the main goal is the delivery of the content or subject matter (Wallace Loughran, 2003). A teacher who espouses this tradition adheres strictly to the organization of content while the needs of students are secondary considerations only. Lesson plans are designed to conform to prescribed content with no concern for student readiness or aptitude. Wallace and Loughran (2003) identify this method as the most dominant form in science teachers. An alternative style is the student-centered method which focuses primarily students comprehension. A teacher who practices this style first considers his or her students prior knowledge or aptitude before planning lessons and concentrates on forming social interactions or collaborative relationships with students (Wallace L oughran, 2003). Science Education: The Future If the international rankings of American students in science and mathematics are predictive of the quality of science education, then there are great challenges to be overcome in the near future. As American students lag behind their European and Asian counterparts in science competency, reforms in policy and corporate support are today heavily emphasized to produce more globally competitive students in the future. Microsoft founder Bill Gates has contributed billions to encourage students to take science course in college. Organizations such as Tapping Americas Potential provide scholarships for more students to graduate with degrees in science, mathematics, and engineering (Osborne, 2007). In the education system, policy reforms are also under way. In 1996, the National Committee on Science Education Standards and Assessment (NCSESA) came up recommendations on how to better produce more scientifically literate students for the future. Standards related to science teaching were presented in the book National Science Education Standards, such as: The vision of science education described by the Standards requires changes throughout the entire system. What students learn is greatly influenced by how they are taught. The actions of teachers are deeply influenced by their perceptions of science as an enterprise and as a subject to be taught and learned. Student understanding is actively constructed through individual and social processes. Actions of teachers are deeply influenced by their understanding of and relationships with students. (p. 30) Among the reforms in elementary and secondary science education emphasize on the need for inquiry-based and hands-on curriculum used in schools. It has been a major thrust advocated in the National Science Education Standards and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Conclusion The development of science education has been made possible by the careful study of its past, an assessment of the present, and a positive outlook on the future. Remnants of the heavily theoretical orientation of science teaching of the 19th century are still practiced today. At present, there has been a noticeable decline in the competency of students in science and mathematics, pushing the drive for more reforms in science education. The recommendations, while focusing on the systemic need for science education reform, also highlight the important role of the science teacher in achieving better science outcomes among students. Teachers competency, decisions about the content, peer interactions, behaviors, attitudes, and belief systems significantly influence students comprehension, appreciation, and attitudes toward science.

Social Classes of Industrial England in Charles Dickens Hard Times Ess

Social Classes of Industrial England in Charles Dickens' Hard Times In his novel, Hard Times, Charles Dickens used his characters to describe the caste system that had been shaped by industrial England. By looking at three main characters, Stephen Blackpool, Mr. Josiah Bounderby, and Mr. Thomas Gradgrind, one can see the different classes that were industrial England. Stephen Blackpool represented the most abundant and least represented caste in industrial England, the lower class (also called the hands) in Charles Dickens' novel. Stephen was an honest, hard-working man who came to much trouble in the novel, often because of his class. He came to Mr. Bounderby one day seeking a divorce from his alcoholic and runaway wife who did nothing but drink his earnings away. When he asked about if there were any laws that could separate them, Mr. Bounderby replied that there was but "it's not for you at all. It costs money. It costs a mint of money" (70). Later, Stephen was framed for the robbery of a bank, in part because of his class. Young Tom Gradgrind made it appear that Mr. Black...

Employment and Staff Essay

Motivating staff is essential to a business, because if the staff are motivated that means they’re happy, and are happy to do the job and are more likely to do a better job than someone who’s unmotivated and unhappy. To motivate staff, business can use one of the motivational theories, researched by theorists such as Taylor, McGregor, McClelland, Vroom, Herzberg, Maslow and Mayo. Mayo’s research found that after a number of experiments testing incentive schemes, rest period, hours of work, and changes in lighting and heating whatever changes were made, output continued to rise. This motivated the staff, and Tesco uses this theory to motivate their staff. All of their staff gets breaks, so when they are tired of the job, they can go to a canteen to get some food, or just sit down and rest. Also nowadays a lot of people smoke, and if a person has been smoking for a while, they tend to get stressed easily, and they need a cigarette to calm themselves down, so Tesco lets people to have cigarette breaks when people get stressed out. Also the conditions of work will help to motivate the staff, for example in summer when it’s really hot all of their stores have air conditioning, so all the staff and their customers are cool, because people tend to work better and are happier when they are cool. Tesco also uses Maslow’s theory, which suggests that the staff needs to be ranked into hierarchy, so for example the bottom of the hierarchy will have basic needs, when the top of the hierarchy will have greater needs. So someone who works in a store stocking shelves, their needs will be to have a break when they’re working, to get a new uniform etc. Where the area manager for example will have greater needs, for example because they have to travel a lot from store to store they will want to get a car for them to be able to travel, also the petrol to be paid for. Also because their role involves a lot of responsibility they will expect to get paid more for doing the job than someone who works in a store and their only responsibility is to make sure that all of the shelves are stocked up. If all of their staff needs are unsatisfied, then it means the staff will be unhappy and unmotivated which will reflect in their performance. Tesco also uses McGregor’s theory, which suggests that all employs should be punished if they did a bad job and rewarded if they did a good job. For example if an employee does a bad job they will be threatened and get a disciplinary, which means if they do it again they might lose their job. If a person does a good job, they will be recognised, and their manager might have a chat with them to reflect on their performance and make sure that they are aware that they did a good job and the person is in a higher position, such as a manager, they will get a bonus.  M3) Performance indicators Business have many ways of measuring their staff performance, for example they can use time periods for measuring, for example ASDA might measure their employees performance by how many customers they’ve served in one hour. This method does not work for all businesses, for example clothes manufacturer might not use this method because they need quality not quantity, and if they push t heir staff to make shirts faster they might make them poor quality or they might not fit. This helps develop their staff because they set themselves a target and this motivates people because people like challenges, and they are clear on what they need to do for the day. Also by achieving their target they might get a reward for it so it motivates them. Goal theory Another method of measuring performance is setting their employees goals. The best goals are when the employee and the employer both agree on what’s important and working together to achieve that goal. Clear and challenging goals can motivate their staff. For example ASDA might use this method on people who are stocking up the store. For example the manager might say that today they need to move couple shelves somewhere else and stock them up and they have 2 hours to do it. This help the staff to develop, because they know what’s their performance, and what they can do to improve it next time. SMART Targets SMART is a technique used to work out how useful a set of objectives are. All the targets needs to be specific, they should have a focus and not be vague. They need to be measurable, so they should include something that can be measured. They also need to be achievable, so if staff do not think they can achieve their targets they will be demotivated. Also it needs to be realistic in relation to both the resources and skills available, and the overall goals of the organisation and it needs to have a time-bound, so it must have an end so that success can be measured. This helps to develop staff because using SMART technique the staff are clear about the objective and they are sure that it is achievable, because if staff thinks that it is unachievable they get demotivated. Benchmarking Benchmarking can be used to measure organisations performance by comparing themselves to other organisations and matching or exceeding their performance. For example ASDA will compare itself to all big supermarkets in UK such as Sainsbury’s, Morrison’s, and Tesco etc. This help to develop staff because they compare themselves to their competitors and it is very clear on how they are doing, and this helps to improve the business, because if other business is doing better then they need to figure out what they are doing wrong and how to change it. Probation Pretty much all businesses will have a probation period for new employees. This means that they will be closely monitored for a certain period of time and their performance will be measured so the business is certain that this person is capable of doing the job and is a right candidate. Business such as Tesco will have a short probation period because the job doesn’t require a high skill and it doesn’t take long to find out if the person is right for the job, but jobs like teachers or doctors will have longer probation periods, because it takes some time to find out if the candidate is capable of doing a job, and their probation period will be around 9 months but can be longer. Also when people are on probation period this gives the right to the employer to fire them for no reason. Probation period helps to develop staff because if they are on a probation period, they are under more pressure and makes them more focussed about understanding the business and doing their job at their best ability. Appraisal Appraisal is another method of measuring performance in a business. This means that at the end of the year the employee and employer will sit down and review the year, the employee will say what he thinks he’s done very well, and the employer will say what they think they’ve done well and what  they need to work on. This is helps to develop staff because the employer tells the staff on how they are performing and what they have been doing very well and what they have been doing not so well, and gives them advice on how to improve or change it. Supporting employees There’s couple ways of how you can support employees. One of them is me ntoring, this means that someone in the workplace will help them that is just above their positions and has been in their position previously, so they can pass on some of their knowledge and explain the job. There’s two types of mentoring; formal and informal. Formal mentoring means that the mentor will have paper work with them and will monitor them and will write everything down. Informal mentoring means that the mentor will only have a chat with them or help them but wouldn’t write anything down. Also another way to support the employees is buddying up. For example in ASDA a new employer will be partnered up with someone that is on the same level as them but has been working for a long period of time and knows their job very well, so the new employer can work with them for couple of days to get to know the job and the other person can help them if they get confused or stuck. This helps to develop staff because people get demotivated and getting support from other staff or the manager helps to improve their performance, because some people get stuck and are not sure how to do a job they’ve been given, and some help from the manager can sort that out, also just having a chat with them might also help because some people just need to know that someone cares about them and how they’re getting on. Occupational Health People are human beings and can get stressed when they are pushed to work hard, so the employers need to think about how to release that stress. For example they could put some plants in the office, because plants produce oxygen which helps people to relax. Also if the office is very warm think about putting an air con to cool it down, because when people are hot they tend to get very stressed out. For example all Tesco stores have air con, so all of their employees are cool and don’t get stressed out as much. This helps to develop staff because for example, if the working conditions in Tesco are very hot the employees might not work very well, and they will get very stressed, but if they install air conditioning and make the store cool, the staff will work a lot better and will be a lot happier, because they are not hot and they’re comfortable. Managing workloads People get very stressed out when they are under pressure and have a lot of things to do, so it is very important for a business to balance it out, and spread workload equally, for example Tesco will divide people into section and give the same amount of shelves to stock up, so it’s fair on everyone. This helps to develop staff because giving them a lot of workload will demotivated them and sometimes even push them into leaving the job because they are stressed and lose motivation, so by reducing workload and sharing the workload equally, this will release the stress and staff will have more motivation. Delegating authority and responsibility By giving more authority and responsibility can motivate employees but it is very important to monitor how it is working, in order to avoid errors and costly mistakes, which can affect employer in terms of money and reputation, also it might lead to dismissing the employee. For example Tesco manager will be responsible for hiring new people and they might hire someone that is not capable of doing the job which might cost Tesco money. This will help to develop staff because they will feel like they are trusted, so they will be more focussed and will try to prove to their employer that they are capable of doing the job. Capacity Capacity relates to the amount of work or products that can be produced or is being produced. Using as much capacity as possible should lead to lower costs for the business, so employers need to ensure that employees are performing well without putting them under so much pressure that they suffer with stress and then become ill. Linking rewards to performance Giving rewards to people for doing a good job or achieving or exceeding a target motivates people to work harder. For example Tesco manager will get a bonus for achieving or exceeding the stores targets. He then might share it with the team, to keep them motivated. This helps to develop the staff, because everyone loves getting a reward if they do a good job, because it shows that their employer cares about them and also gives them a sense of achievement, and makes themselves feel good, because they did a good job.

ict marksheet Essay Example

ict marksheet Essay Example ict marksheet Essay ict marksheet Essay Please read the instructions printed at the end of this form. One of these sheets, fully completed, should be attached to the assessed work of each candidate.Unit Title Developing computer gamesUnit CodeK/601/7324Year201Centre NameCentre NumberCandidate NameCandidate NumberAssessment CriteriaTeacher commentPage No./Evidence locationPassMeritDistinctionLearning Outcome 1 : Understand the impact of the gaming revolution on societyP1: explain the impact of computer games on societyM1: compare the negative and positive impacts of computer games on individualsGradeLearning Outcome 2 : Know the different types of computer gameP2: describe different types ofcomputer gameM2: describe how computer games have developed over timeD1: compare platforms and their technical aspects for running computer gamesGradeLearning Outcome 3 : Be able to design and develop computer gamesP3: produce a design for a computer game for a given specificationM3: describe how the design for the computer game can have capacity for expansionsGradeP4: develop a computer game for a given specificationGradeAssessment CriteriaTeacher commentPage No./Evidence locationPassMeritDistinctionLearning Outcome 4 : Be able to test and document computer gamesP5: follow a test strategy to test and debug a computer gameM4: gain user feedback to a computer game to suggest improvementsD2: act on user feedback to improve aspects of the computer gameGradeP6: produce user documentation for a computer gameGradeP7: produce technical documentation for a computer gameGradeOverall GradeCompleted by:Date :Please tick to indicate this work has been

4th Grade Writing Prompts

4th Grade Writing Prompts Students in fourth grade need a variety of practice developing their writing skills. According to Common Core State Standards Initiative, fourth-grade writing should include opinion pieces, informative texts, and narratives about real or imagined experiences. Additionally, a fourth-grade  writing curriculum should include short research projects.   These writing prompts offer diverse forms of inspiration for every student. Opinion Essay Writing Prompts In an opinion essay, students must  state their opinion, then back it up with facts and reasons. Ideas should be organized logically and supported by details. Best Friends Forever. Write an essay explaining what makes your best friend the best best friend.  Awesomeness.  Describe the most awesome  thing about being in fourth grade.New Worlds. Would you rather help start a colony on a new planet or a city under the ocean? Why?School Food. Name one thing you would like to change about your school’s menu and explain why.Someday. If you could be a race car driver, an astronaut, or president of a country, which would you choose and why?Cityscapes. If you had a friend visit from another state, what is the one place in your city you would insist he or she had to see? What makes this place so special?Shipwrecked. You find yourself stranded on a deserted island with only 3 items in your backpack. What would you want those items to be and why?Flat Earth. Some people still believe that the Earth is flat. Do you agree or disagree? Include supporting  facts.Extra! Extra! Name one class, sport, or club you wish your school offered and exp lain why it should be available. Seasons. Which season is your favorite and why?One-star. What is the worst book you ever read and what made it so terrible?Fandom. Who is your favorite TV, movie, or music star? What makes him or her the best.Progress.  Identify  something at which you would like to improve about yourself as a student this school year. Explain why you would like to get better and list some steps you can take to make it happen. Informative  Essay Writing Prompts When writing an informative or explanatory essay, students should introduce the topic clearly, then develop the topic with facts and details. When explaining a process, students should outline the steps in a logical order. Bullied. Explain how you would handle  being bullied and the steps you would take to stop a bully.Mad Skills. Describe an unusual talent, hobby, or skill that you possess.Cuisine. Describe a food that is unique to your family or area of the world to someone who has never tasted it.Role Model. Think of a person who has made an impact on your life and describe the role they’ve played.Pay It Forward. What is one thing you would like to do - either now or in the future -   to make the world a better place?Packing. Explain the most effective way to pack for a trip to ensure that you have everything you need.Wild Kingdom. Of all animals, wild or domesticated, which is your favorite? Include interesting  facts about this animal in your essay.Gaming. Explain how to play your favorite video or board game to someone who has never played it before.Problematic. Describe a problem  you’re facing and three ways you could possibly solve it.Extreme Weather. Choose an extreme w eather condition or natural disaster, such as a tornado or a volcanic eruption. Explain  its causes and effects. Sweet Treats. Explain the process of making your favorite dessert.Learning Styles. Think of the way you prefer to learn, such as by reading, listening, or doing. Explain why you think you learn best that way.Edison. Thomas Edison said that he didn’t make mistakes; he just learned 10,000 ways not to make a light bulb. Describe a mistake you made and the lesson you learned from it. Narrative  Essay Writing Prompts When writing narrative essays about real or imagined experiences, students should use descriptive details and logical sequence. They can use dialogue and sensory details to develop their essay. Microscopic Details. Imagine being microscopic. Describe an adventurous  trip through your body.Alone. You find yourself locked in your favorite store alone overnight. Where are you and what do you do?Homeless. A friendly stray dog follows you home from school. What happens next?Time Travel. Imagine you could travel back in time to when your mom or dad was your age. Write an essay about your relationship with your fourth-grade parent.Mismatched. Write a story about someone your age. The story must include a giraffe, a mouse, a flying carpet, and a large birdcage.Pet Peeve.  Recount a moment when  something really got on your nerves. Describe the experience and why it irritated you so much.Surprise! Think of a time your teacher surprised your class. Describe what happened and how the class reacted.Special Moments. Think of a specific day or event that you will always remember. What made it so special?Travel Through History. Imagine you could travel back in time to live through o ne event from history. Describe the event and write about your experience. The Most Terrible Day. Write an essay about a day when everything went wrong. How did the day start and end, describe the experience.Road Trip. Write about a favorite family vacation or road trip. Where did you go? What made it special?Funny Pet Tricks.  Can  your pet do a funny or unusual trick? Describe it.President. If you could be president for a day (or the principal of your school), what would you do? Research Project  Essay Writing Prompts Fourth-grade students should also complete short research projects using books, magazines, and online sources. Students should take notes and provide a list of the sources they used in their research. New Puppy. You want a new puppy. Do some research to determine the best breed for your family and write about it.Battles.  Research and write about what you  consider the most significant or famous battle in history.Famous People. Choose a famous person from history or science and write about their lives and contributions.Animal Kingdom. Select an animal to research. Include facts about its behavior, habitat, and diet.Countries. Choose a country. Investigate its culture and holidays, and find out what life there  is like for kids your age.States. Pick a state you’ve never visited. Learn three to  five unique facts about the state to include in your essay.Inventions. What do you think is the greatest or most useful invention of all time? Find out who invented it and how and why it was invented.Native Americans. Choose a Native American tribe. Learn about where they lived, their culture, and their use of natural resources in their area.Endangered Species. Research and wr ite about an animal that is endangered. Include facts about why it is endangered and any changes that people can make to help increase its population. Fine Arts. Learn more about an artist or composer. Include facts about their life and death and most well-known works.Authors. Research  an author whose books you enjoy. Include facts about what inspired him or her to start writing.Dig Deeper.  Research something you’ve studied in  history, science, or  literature  but would like to know more about.State Standouts. Choose a famous person from your state. Learn about his or her life and contributions.

LIFE EXPERIENCES ESSAY; Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LIFE EXPERIENCES ; - Essay Example That is one of the most important life lessons that I have learned. This experience has informed my application to the college. I have had many obstacles in my life, but I’ve persevered through them. They’ve shaped my personality but not overcome it. I remember how much my parents valued education; that kept the flame of a better life living on within me. Today, I do my best to strive towards excellence with obstacles knocking every day at the door. My mother and father have been a major inspiration in my life. Their stories are the basis to my life and they allow me to know how far they have risen from; they teach me to focus not only on my current state, but to yearn for more. Their stories taught me how to be mature and to realize that no matter how life gets you down, you have to get back up again and fight for your dreams and what you believe in. That is the most important lesson of my life. I do my best to always remember it. Next to my family, pharmacy is the most important thing in my life. I live, breathe, and sleep it. Throughout my education I have worked hard to establish good analytical and critical thinking capability. I have big plans and big dreams which I want to fulfil. I know in my heart I will achieve them. An pharmacy degree would be the first step in accomplishing my goals in my plan. My plan is to get an pharmacy degree to benefit younger pharmacy students and future generations. All we really do in life is pass on our accomplishment to our children in order to make their lives a little bit easier. I would do anything for my parents to make them proud of me, because they have done a lot for me and I really owe them. Part of my plan to make them proud is to earn entry into the pharmacy college. But I am not doing it for them alone, I am also doing it for me and for my future. I believe in my future with all my heart. So much can be accomplished when one

Food Policy for Public Health Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Food Policy for Public Health Practice - Essay Example The National Food Guide also suggests individuals to reduce the foodstuff having saturated fats and sugar. It is also mentioned in the National food Guide to stay active and achieve a healthy weight. A healthy weight doesn’t mean to reduce the weight below the recommended level but to maintain it according to the age, height and other factors of the individual. The National food Guide also involves a recommendation to drink plenty of water. Our body requires lots and lots of water for a healthier and disease free life (Gidding 2005 Health Education Authority, 1994). These nutritional requirements are necessary for the adolescents or children at this growing phase because if they are not fulfilled the children or adolescents may catch some disease or disorder. The Australians Guide to Healthy Eating has given out guidelines as to which food should be particularly given importance when concerned with the proper nutrition of the body. Following the guidelines by AGTHE a new strat egy has been developed which aims at improving the basis of nutrition for the children and this strategy is named as Healthy Food and Drink Supply Strategy. The points given out by the HFDSS divide the food into different segments which should be taken as per the nutritional requirement of the individual. Further these segments are also known as the smart choices as with the help of these smart choices one can select the best possible nutritional diet for himself/herself (NHRM 2003). Being in my position of a public health nutritionist it has become equally important for me to keep a check on all the relevant jurisdictions under me and as to if they are following the guidelines or not. To further influence them with the Smart Choices it has become very important for me to address some issues so that the schools particularly realize the importance of these ‘Smart Choices’. The first possible step that I would take would be to approach the

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS TO COURSE WORK ENVIRNOMENTAL SCIENCE Coursework

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS TO COURSE WORK ENVIRNOMENTAL SCIENCE - Coursework Example An example is the melting if the sea ice in the Arctic and glaciers as a result of global warming. Atom is delineated as a building block of any matter. It joins together the molecules which forms most of the objects around us. They are composed of protons, electrons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are at the centre of the atoms called nucleus while the electrons orbit the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge; electrons have a negative charge while the neutrons don’t have any charge. Isotopes refer to the atoms with different numbers of neutrons. They are mainly denoted by different elementary symbols that are preceded by the mass number or the numbers of neutrons and protons in the atoms. For instance 2H (deuterium) is an isotope of the element hydrogen with a single neutron within the nucleus as opposed to the common 1H. Ions are atoms with extra electrons or missing electrons. When there is one or two electrons missing, there will be a positive charge while when there is an extra electron there will be a negative charge. (Wright, & Broose, 2011) The movement of electrons happens in the single covalent bonds. Two atoms of hydrogen for instance share their electrons when they bind together in order to form the hydrogen gas. An example is the formation of human blood, the ocean water and various metal alloys. (Wright, & Broose, 2011) Proteins- Made up of long chains of different organic molecules referred to as amino acids. The organisms combine up to 20 different amino acids into long chains. Proteins forms the largest part of organisms matter and perform different functions of the living changes. Animals for instance use proteins in the generation of hair, skin, tendons and muscles. Some proteins helps in storage energy, others facilitate transportation of substance, defends the organism against foreign attackers while others act as hormone, serve as enzymes. Nucleic acids – It facilitates directing of production of proteins. The

Steven Spielberg movie review Essay Example for Free

Steven Spielberg movie review Essay Spielbergs latest epic, Saving Private Ryan, has shocked audiences around the world with his brutally realistic, down-to-earth World War II invasion of Omaha beach. The film opens with the landing boats full of petrified, white-faced, conscripted soldiers, who struggle to cope with the pure terror imposed upon them from the enormity of the task they face. No sooner do you see a close up of their trembling faces and each persons emotions and worries, the doors opened and the first wave of men were torn to shreds by German machine gun fire. Many men drowned as they were dragged under by their heavy equipment, and those who made it to the shore found themselves seriously outnumbered and out gunned. Specially-designed, frantic freehand camera-work creates the impression you are in the middle of the carnage, so Spielberg puts the audience on the beach with the Allies. Eventually the soldiers complete the takeover of the beach but as the scene draws to a close, the former hand-held camera is now far more panoramic, scanning the beach from a height, but regardless of the thousands of bodies strewn across it, you do not see one face showing war de-humanising all the real people involved in it, who have families back home, but also turning those real people into just numbers and cannon fodder. The scene ends with a close-up of a dead soldiers pack which contains the words Pvt S. Ryan and the scene cuts. Throughout the entire scene there was a tremendous amount of clever sounds and moving music. For instance, in the panoramic opening scene the music is rather dark and solemn, with a lot of low strings and brass, especially horns. This sets the tone for the scene to unfold. In the first scene there is no music to emphasise actually being there, however there are numerous non-diegetic sounds added such as the underwater bullets piercing the struggling soldiers, the way when Captain Miller gets confused and deaf that the sound is blurred and returns to normal when he comes round but there is also diegetic sound when the explosions are going off as the film crew used hundreds of set explosions in the scene, the lapping of the waves and the monologue were all diegetic sounds. The next scene is a wonderfully made piece that is truly emotional and is a silent one. There is a woman in a crowded office with light shining through, a complete contrast to the dark, de-saturated war scene a moment before. The lady sees three telegrams from the same family and takes it to the senior staff. It is reassuring to see how these men-in-power have some humanity left, taking the case higher and higher until it found the commander-in-chief played by the talented Bryan Cranston who decides that the remaining sibling should be pulled out and sent back to the grieving mother. The point where the mother received the news was fantastically portrayed by Spielberg. It is set in the countryside with a traditional American home surrounded by golden fields yet in the corner of the sky it is dark grey and symbolises the bad news on its way. The car crawls up the small, winding, country lane viewed panoramically from in front of and behind the house. There was one shot that was astoundingly emotional, where Spielberg captured a close-up of the mothers reaction while showing the car and effectively the news creeping closer, through using the reflection of the window. As she rushes to the door she is cleverly silhouetted out showing that it could be anyone receiving the news and that vast amounts of parents go through this. Also as part of the mise en scene, when she opens the door, she is blacked out and the car pulls up along the house then the officials climb out, the woman falls to her knees. However, throughout this whole dark shot, to the right is a coffee table with light streaming on to it, there is a photo of the four boys in their army uniform showing that they all went but also expanding the plot as you know that there were only three telegrams. All over the table there are flags and patriotic items, this tries to show that the people are behind the war, and that it is the ordinary people who have to stand up to the tyrant. Finally, Spielberg covers many aspects of war in his brilliant production and uses vast amounts of extremely intelligent shots and clever, emotional to portray the emotions and effects that the de-humanising war had on normal people such as Miller, the small town English teacher at home and on the front. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

The Laughing Fools :: Personal Narrative Emotions Feelings Essays

The Laughing Fools I just started my new job working as a bartender in this local jazz club. Not knowing a person in the place, I thought that I would ease-drop on a conversation that these two men were engaged in, just so I could get to know the costumers better. The conversation was being lead by Lee and the other man, Mike, was prompting him to go on with the story. The story was about an incident that Lee had when he was a small boy with a paper route and his dog was killed. It was a sad story, I thought , but the men just laughed. The reason they laughed I have never figured out, now I am trying to understand the two men. Working at the jazz joint , I see some rather strange things. Mike and Lee come in about once a week. I have listened to Lee and Mike have other discussions, although ease-dropping is not an easy task to do when working. The last time I listened in on uninvited was a conversation on Lee's mother. Lee talked how his mother did everything for him, she would cook his diner, do his laundry, clean his house and buy his groceries. She did all this for him, when he was moved out of her house and supposedly "on his own." Lee did not like his mother doing all this for him, but he never told her that he didn' t want her to keep doing the domestics around his house. She kept on doing things like that for her son, thinking that she was helping out. Eventually, Lee came to resent his mother for all that she did for him and as time passed he expected more from her. He did not tell her that she was interrupting his life. Lee's mother became ill. She had a long, painful battle with a disease, I am n ot sure which one, for I was only ease-dropping. As time passed she became worse. Lee's mother could not do all the things that she had done before, this was not good for Lee, for he had become dependent on one person and he disliked her for that. Finally she died. At the end of the story the two men were again laughing. This really bothered me. I was trying of something to say because it was just like the story with the dog, it had a sad ending with the same reaction of both Lee and Mike, they laughed.

Congestion Charging Essay

Resolving London’s transport problems was the highest priority of the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone. His goal was to create a world-class transport system that would improve business efficiency, supports greater economic prosperity and improves the quality of life for every one living in London or visiting London. The Mayor’s transport strategy, which was published on 10 July 2001, it had ten key priorities: * Reducing traffic congestion; * Rising money for underground investment; * Rising money for radical improvements to bus services across London; * Better integration of the National Rail system with London’s other transport systems; * Increasing the capacity of London’s transport system; * Improving journey time reliability for car users; * Supporting local transport initiatives; * Making the distribution of goods and services in London more reliable and efficient; * Improving the accessibility of London’s transport system; * Bringing forward new integration initiatives. What is Congestion Charges? * Congestion charging is a way of ensuring that those using valuable and crowded road space make a financial contribution. * It encourages the use of other modes of transport and is also intended to ensure that, for those who have to use the roads, journey times are quicker and more reliable. * This scheme requires drivers to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 per day if they wish to continue driving in central London. Tube station Wide line – zone ring road Jam Cam – see what the traffic is like Charging zone area Parking Train station River services This map shows all the areas that are affected by congestion charges. By looking at the map you can see all of central London zone 1 and zone 2 has being affected, so anyone living within that area would have to pay the congestion charge to travel to their local area or outside the congestion zones. Advantage and disadvantage of congestion charging Advantage * Reduce congestion * Reduce through traffic * Further encourage use of public transport in central London * Benefit business efficiency by speeding up the movement of goods and people * Create a better environment for walking and cycling Disadvantage o Traffic may increase on orbital routes by up to 5% o Traffic would be reduced on radial routes by 5 – 10% o Overall reduction in traffic by 1 – 2% o London scheme could simply make traffic worse elsewhere o Will hit disadvantaged hardest o The scheme had no pilot scheme to test the effectiveness of congestion charges o It will take months to establish whether it is a success Conclusion Congetion charges has it adavantages and disavantages an asthmatic would would totally spport congestion charges, as pollution caused by cars is a factor of asthame. It is also a class question. Those who can afford to have moved, those who can’t have to stay and choke. If congestion charges give them and thier families a chance to breathe then I would fully support it. However, they need to be part of a plan aimed at enhancing the environment and improving the quality of life. This could include cheaper public transport and improvements in its quality, safety and reliability; more nurseries and play schools nearer to where people live, more on-line shopping, local markets and food co-ops, reduced hours with no loss of pay; repopulating city centres and the countryside, more home working and home schooling; a guaranteed income to give parents the option of being full time carers; offering those willing to give up their car free bikes or public transport. But there is also an agrument about Who is prepared to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 a day, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 a week, or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,500 a year for congestion charging and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,000 for workplace parking–which is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,000 of taxed income–for the privilege of bringing their car into London? It is the riche man ie stockborker, banker, law ect who wants to come in from Surbiton to the City of London. Their would not mind the charges. thier puts them down to they companies and it pays the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,000 or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 a year. â€Å"Who cares anyway†? He will just say, â€Å"That’s great, thank you very much.† I believe It is a fat cats charter. What about people on a low wage, old people, young mothers who are dependent on their motor car not only in London but throughout the nation? To those people, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,000 or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 a year is a lot. What I want to know is this. What consultations has the Labour party had with groups of disabled people? What consultations has it had with the unions in regard to low wage earners? What consultations has it had with old people–people who need their motor cars, and who will be taxed off the road if the charges are to work? If the Government say that is not their intention, and that such people will not be taxed off the road, I put it to them that there is no chance that their congestion charge will work. It is certain that the fat cats will not be taxed off the road. If the Government find a way of allowing housewives, young mothers, disabled people or members of the other categories to stay on the road, the amount of congestion will not be reduced, and all that we shall have is a revenue raiser for the mayor.

Learner Record- School Age Childcare Essay

School-Age Childcare Thematic Working Group (SACTWG) defines School Age Childcare (SAC) as: â€Å"School-Age Childcare / Out-of-school services refer to a range of organized age-appropriate structured programs, clubs and activities for school-age children and young people (4-18) which takes place within supervised environments during the times that they are not in school†. â€Å"School age childcare services are by definition about the care of children when their parents are absent. Caring mean taking responsibility for children’s physical, emotional and developmental well-being. School age childcare services play an important role in the lives of the children who use them. It is essential that they meet children’s needs during the time they are used. This entails providing a setting where children feel they belong and where staff relate to them on an individual level as well as collectively.† These settings include: center-based, school-based, and other formal before- and after-school arrangements for children, as well as summer programming. Elements of School Age Childcare Setting: School age programs have the potential to play a positive and proactive role in developing social, personal and interpersonal skills. The out-of-school setting can nurture academic success, offer opportunities for physical activity, develop creative artistic expression and a wide range of associated skills in a happy and caring environment. The key elements which contribute to the delivery of a quality school age childcare service. These include; The activity program The importance of play The physical environment The regulation of school age childcare Training for the sector Relationships between providers of school age childcare, the client children, their parents and on occasion the schools. Children like to feel they belong. As they grow to understand themselves both as individuals and in relation to others, they look for signs of acceptance and acknowledgement from their peers and the adults around them. Children need to experience a  sense of belonging, and to be aware that their own actions can promote either a sense of belonging or exclusion for others. The school age setting offers endless opportunities to nurture a sense of self-acceptance and belonging for the child. Characteristics of children attending the services: Enjoy playing games. Like to make and keep friends. Enjoys learning new things. Great intellectual curiosity, wanting to know everything about everything — objects, ideas, situations, or events. Learn quickly and with less practice and repetition. Concerned about fairness and injustice — very aware of rights and wrongs. Read rapidly and widely, after learning to read. Absorb information rapidly – often described as being like sponges. Can use materials, words or ideas in new ways. Need time and space to explore ideas, develop interests. Can concentrate for long periods of time on activities that interest them. More eager to learn, more curious, more enthusiastic, and imaginative. They need routine and consistency from adults in their lives. Discovering things and inventing are favorite kinds of activities. Have lots of energy. Like physical challenges. Need to feel that adults are in control. Need good emotional support. Their parents are still the most important persons in their lives. How School Age Childcare Setting can cater: A School Age Childcare setting requires a warm, welcoming and challenging environment where the child can feel comfortable, accepted and at home and, most importantly, can exercise choice in the daily routine. The needs of Children which include free play, team tasks or peers bonding are very important when considering the services curriculum. Provide activities that are flexible and based on the children’s choices and interests. Introduce variety in the program of activity, with a range of options and differences each day. Ensure the availability of free play and time for children to be on their own Casual play with and without equipment and team games with  rules encourage children to learn to negotiate with each other. The service must be culturally and socially inclusive to all children attending. The service should support a healthy-eating and healthy-lifestyle policy. Children should be encouraged to assess risk and identify safety issues themselves, where appropriate. Allow children to assist in curriculum preparation, social, emotional and development learning and academic learning if applicable. It should have a range of rooms or areas to facilitate more than one activity by a child or group of children at a time. It should provide adequate open internal space to facilitate more physical activities including sports and drama, where appropriate. It should provide a quiet area for reading, table based activities and homework. Encourage choice and self-confidence. The school age childcare service should plan and provide a range of play opportunities and activities to support children’s social, physical, intellectual, creative and emotional capabilities. While adopting a positive attitude to Irish language and culture, the School Age Childcare Service must also commit to meet the needs of children coming from different language and cultural backgrounds and of children with special needs and differing abilities.